Tinkaer1991: ←Created page with '{{Infobox treaty|name=Treaty of Fontainebleau|long_name=Alliance treaty between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway|image=|image_width=|image_alt=|caption=|context=The French and Danish kingdoms sign a treaty of alliance|date_drafted=|date_signed=29 November 1541|location_signed=Fontainebleau|date_sealed=|date_effective=|condition_effective=|date_expiry=|date_expiration=|mediators=|negotiators=|original_signatories=|signatories={...'
{{Infobox treaty|name=Treaty of Fontainebleau|long_name=Alliance treaty between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway|image=|image_width=|image_alt=|caption=|context=The French and Danish kingdoms sign a treaty of alliance|date_drafted=|date_signed=29 November 1541|location_signed=[[Fontainebleau]]|date_sealed=|date_effective=|condition_effective=|date_expiry=|date_expiration=|mediators=|negotiators=|original_signatories=|signatories={{flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} [[Christian III]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} [[Francis I]]|parties={{Flag|Kingdom of France|valois}}<br>{{flag|Denmark–Norway}}|ratifiers=|depositor=|depositories=|citations=|language=French|languages=|wikisource=|wikisource1=|footnotes=}}The '''Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1541''' was a [[Military alliance|treaty of alliance]] between [[Denmark–Norway]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] in 1541. The alliance was rewritten in June 1542,{{Sfn|Merriman|2000}} and formally ended in 1544 by the [[Treaty of Speyer (1544)|Treaty of Speyer]], between Denmark-Norway and the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
== Background ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 160
| header = [[Monarchs]]
| image1 = Maleri (Glücksborg).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Christian III]], [[King of Denmark]] and [[List of Norwegian monarchs|Norway]] and [[Style of the Danish sovereign|more...]] ({{abbr|r.|reign}}1534-1559)
| image2 = François Ier Louvre.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] ({{abbr|r.|reign}}1525-1547)
}}
Shah Jahan I, [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Emperor of the Mughals]] (<abbr title="<nowiki>reign</nowiki>">r.</abbr>1628-1658)In 1534 Protestant [[Christian III of Denmark|duke Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] would be elected king of Denmark as king Christian III. Because a rise of religious tensions in Denmark, Christian would have to face a full-out [[Civil war]], known as the [[Count's Feud]].{{Sfn|Jespersen|2014}} Christian would eventually win the feud and convert Denmark to [[Protestantism]].{{Sfn|Jespersen|2014}}
During the conflict, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], had supported the Catholic contender and former king to the throne, [[Christian II of Denmark]].{{Sfn|Lockhart|2007}} Charles had also supported the contender for Norway, [[Frederick II, Elector Palatine|Frederick of Wittelsbach]], in opposition to Christian III of Denmark.{{Sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=149}} This, along with religious tensions naturally made Charles V and Christian III enemies, and in 1541 Christian would seek alliance with Charles enemy, [[Francis I of France]].
== Stipulations ==
On 29 November 1541, Christian and Francis concluded the Treaty of Fontainebleau.{{Sfn|Lockhart|2004|p=109}} In acordance with the treaty, the stipulations were as follows:{{Sfn|Lockhart|2004|p=109}}{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}
* Both promising mutual assistance in case of attack of a foreign enemy
* Denmark guaranteed the closure of [[Øresund|the Sound]] to France's enemies
* In case of necessity, Denmark would place 1000 men and six vessels at the disposal of France within three months
* In case of necessity, France would place 2000 men and 12 vessels within four months
== Treaty in effect ==
In 1542 war was declared between the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and France, starting the [[Italian War of 1542–1546]]. In acordinance with the treaty, Denmark declared war on Charles V.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}{{Sfn|Merriman|2000}} A Danish contingent joined the Franco-Cleves army, which invaded [[Province of Brabant|Brabant]] in July.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} The sound was closed agains Dutch vessels and a fleet of 26 Danish vessels patroled the [[North Sea]].{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} After a failed attempt by [[Hamburg]] to mediate betweem the belligerents, a Danish fleet of 40 ships and 10.000 men, set sail for the [[Walcheren]].{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} Yet this fleet would be scattered by a storm.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} In the Holsteinian-Imperial border, [[Johan Rantzau|Johann Rantzau]] prevented an invasion from Germany.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}
Though the greatest effect was done by the closure of the Sound. This was the most effective war act by Christian III, because it excluded Dutch towns from trading with the [[Baltic Sea|Baltics]].{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}
== End of treaty ==
Despite Danish attempts, Francis I accused Denmark of not fulfilling its obligations, and thus when the emperor invited Christian III to the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Speyer]] in 1544, Christian willingly accepted, and the [[Treaty of Speyer (1544)|Treaty of Speyer]] was thereafter concluded, ending the Dano-French alliance.{{Sfn|Merriman|2000}}
== References ==
{{Ref list}}
=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Jespersen |first=Leon |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-3-1503-1559 |title=Christian 3., 1503-1559 |publisher=Danmarkshistorien.dk |year=2012 |location=Aarhus |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Paul |url= |title=Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |location=New York |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ersland |first=Geir |url= |title=Norsk historie 1300-1625 |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |volume=II |location=New York |pages=148-49 |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Paul |title=Frederik II and the Protestant Cause |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |location=Boston}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bain |first=Nisbet |title=Scandinavia A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1512 to 1900 |publisher=CUP Archive |year=2023 |location= |pages=71}}
* {{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=Marcus |title=The Rough Wooings |publisher=Birlinn |year=2000 |location= |pages=}}
Okumaya devam et...
{{Infobox treaty|name=Treaty of Fontainebleau|long_name=Alliance treaty between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway|image=|image_width=|image_alt=|caption=|context=The French and Danish kingdoms sign a treaty of alliance|date_drafted=|date_signed=29 November 1541|location_signed=[[Fontainebleau]]|date_sealed=|date_effective=|condition_effective=|date_expiry=|date_expiration=|mediators=|negotiators=|original_signatories=|signatories={{flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} [[Christian III]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} [[Francis I]]|parties={{Flag|Kingdom of France|valois}}<br>{{flag|Denmark–Norway}}|ratifiers=|depositor=|depositories=|citations=|language=French|languages=|wikisource=|wikisource1=|footnotes=}}The '''Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1541''' was a [[Military alliance|treaty of alliance]] between [[Denmark–Norway]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] in 1541. The alliance was rewritten in June 1542,{{Sfn|Merriman|2000}} and formally ended in 1544 by the [[Treaty of Speyer (1544)|Treaty of Speyer]], between Denmark-Norway and the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
== Background ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 160
| header = [[Monarchs]]
| image1 = Maleri (Glücksborg).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Christian III]], [[King of Denmark]] and [[List of Norwegian monarchs|Norway]] and [[Style of the Danish sovereign|more...]] ({{abbr|r.|reign}}1534-1559)
| image2 = François Ier Louvre.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] ({{abbr|r.|reign}}1525-1547)
}}
Shah Jahan I, [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Emperor of the Mughals]] (<abbr title="<nowiki>reign</nowiki>">r.</abbr>1628-1658)In 1534 Protestant [[Christian III of Denmark|duke Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] would be elected king of Denmark as king Christian III. Because a rise of religious tensions in Denmark, Christian would have to face a full-out [[Civil war]], known as the [[Count's Feud]].{{Sfn|Jespersen|2014}} Christian would eventually win the feud and convert Denmark to [[Protestantism]].{{Sfn|Jespersen|2014}}
During the conflict, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], had supported the Catholic contender and former king to the throne, [[Christian II of Denmark]].{{Sfn|Lockhart|2007}} Charles had also supported the contender for Norway, [[Frederick II, Elector Palatine|Frederick of Wittelsbach]], in opposition to Christian III of Denmark.{{Sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=149}} This, along with religious tensions naturally made Charles V and Christian III enemies, and in 1541 Christian would seek alliance with Charles enemy, [[Francis I of France]].
== Stipulations ==
On 29 November 1541, Christian and Francis concluded the Treaty of Fontainebleau.{{Sfn|Lockhart|2004|p=109}} In acordance with the treaty, the stipulations were as follows:{{Sfn|Lockhart|2004|p=109}}{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}
* Both promising mutual assistance in case of attack of a foreign enemy
* Denmark guaranteed the closure of [[Øresund|the Sound]] to France's enemies
* In case of necessity, Denmark would place 1000 men and six vessels at the disposal of France within three months
* In case of necessity, France would place 2000 men and 12 vessels within four months
== Treaty in effect ==
In 1542 war was declared between the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and France, starting the [[Italian War of 1542–1546]]. In acordinance with the treaty, Denmark declared war on Charles V.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}{{Sfn|Merriman|2000}} A Danish contingent joined the Franco-Cleves army, which invaded [[Province of Brabant|Brabant]] in July.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} The sound was closed agains Dutch vessels and a fleet of 26 Danish vessels patroled the [[North Sea]].{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} After a failed attempt by [[Hamburg]] to mediate betweem the belligerents, a Danish fleet of 40 ships and 10.000 men, set sail for the [[Walcheren]].{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} Yet this fleet would be scattered by a storm.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}} In the Holsteinian-Imperial border, [[Johan Rantzau|Johann Rantzau]] prevented an invasion from Germany.{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}
Though the greatest effect was done by the closure of the Sound. This was the most effective war act by Christian III, because it excluded Dutch towns from trading with the [[Baltic Sea|Baltics]].{{Sfn|Bain|2023|p=71}}
== End of treaty ==
Despite Danish attempts, Francis I accused Denmark of not fulfilling its obligations, and thus when the emperor invited Christian III to the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Speyer]] in 1544, Christian willingly accepted, and the [[Treaty of Speyer (1544)|Treaty of Speyer]] was thereafter concluded, ending the Dano-French alliance.{{Sfn|Merriman|2000}}
== References ==
{{Ref list}}
=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Jespersen |first=Leon |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-3-1503-1559 |title=Christian 3., 1503-1559 |publisher=Danmarkshistorien.dk |year=2012 |location=Aarhus |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Paul |url= |title=Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |location=New York |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ersland |first=Geir |url= |title=Norsk historie 1300-1625 |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |volume=II |location=New York |pages=148-49 |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Paul |title=Frederik II and the Protestant Cause |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |location=Boston}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bain |first=Nisbet |title=Scandinavia A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1512 to 1900 |publisher=CUP Archive |year=2023 |location= |pages=71}}
* {{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=Marcus |title=The Rough Wooings |publisher=Birlinn |year=2000 |location= |pages=}}
Okumaya devam et...