Grnrchst: Created article.
{{Short description|Scottish trade unionist (1855–1927)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Thomas Hamilton Garside
| honorific_suffix =
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->
| image_upright =
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Thomas Douglas Hamilton Garside
| birth_date = {{birth year|1855}}
| birth_place = [[Lancashire]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered -->
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1927|10|21|1855|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability -->
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| nationality = [[Scottish people|Scottish]]
| other_names =
| siglum =
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| education = [[Stockholm University]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = <!-- discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source -->
| known_for =
| notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" -->
| style =
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| television =
| title = <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) -->
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] {{small|(from 1914)}}
| otherparty = {{unbulleted list|[[Socialist Labor Party of America]] {{Small|(1887–1889)}}|[[International Working People's Association]] {{Small|(1889–1891)}}|[[Independent Labour Party]] {{Small|(1893–{{circa|1914}})}}}}
| movement = [[Labour movement]]
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charges = <!-- criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = {{marriage|Emma Mary Goldman|8 May 1884|21 October 1927}}
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| children = 5
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant -->
| awards =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_type =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thomas Douglas Hamilton Garside''' (1855–1927) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[mathematics]] [[professor]] and [[trade union]] leader. The son of a Scottish railroad contractor, he became an evangelical preacher in [[Northern Ireland]], before moving to the United States. In [[Philadelphia]], he joined the [[socialism in the United States|socialist movement]] and became an organiser for the [[Knights of Labor]]. By 1889, he had gravitated towards [[anarchism]] and was expelled from the [[Socialist Labor Party of America]]. The following year, he led a cloakmakers' strike in [[New York City]], along with [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Joseph Barondess]]. After the strike achieved its goals, he returned to Philadelphia, where he allegedly became a [[United States Marshals Service|United States Marshal]]. By 1893, he had returned to Britain, where he joined the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP) and organised for tenants' rights. During [[World War I]], he joined the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], within which he agitated for welfare and pensions for veterans. He died in London in 1927.
==Biography==
===Early life===
Thomas Douglas Hamilton Garside was born in [[Lancashire]],{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} in 1855, the son of a Scottish railroad contractor.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} He was educated at [[Stockholm University]] and remained in the city after graduation, teaching mathematics at a secondary school.{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} He then followed his father's wishes that he become a [[preacher]] and moved to [[Northern Ireland]], where he preached the gospel for seven years.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}}
===Socialist activism in the United States===
In 1881, he immigrated to the United States, initially settling in [[Baltimore]] before moving to [[Philadelphia]], where he worked as a [[tutoring|tutor]] for aspiring college students.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} Before long, the former evangelical preacher had become a [[socialism|socialist]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=51-52|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2p=56}} He soon quit his tutoring job and moved into [[trade union]] organising,{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} joining the [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor Party]] (SLP){{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} and the [[Knights of Labor]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=51-52|2a1=Ewing|2y=1890|2p=1|3a1=Goyens|3y=2007|3p=216}}
On 8 May 1884,<ref name="RHG"/> Garside married Emma Mary Goldman,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Not to be confused with the anarchist activist [[Emma Goldman]].}}, the daughter of a well-off farmer from [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]].{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} In 1888, he had an affair with the anarchist [[Voltairine de Cleyre]].{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=51}} In a poem about Garside, de Cleyre wrote lovingly of his "tender mouth and Christ-like eyes", as well as his voice, which she described as "sweet as the summer wind that sighs through the arbors of Paradise."{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|pp=51-52}} Despite warnings from [[Dyer Lum]], who told her that Garside was "vain and self-indulgent", de Cleyre fell deeply in love with him. According to historian [[Paul Avrich]], "for all his charm and glib phrasemaking," Garside turned out to be "superficial, egotistical, and callous."{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=52}} After a few months of their affair, Garside abandoned de Cleyre, which left her feeling hurt and betrayed.{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=52}} She wrote several poems about her rejection, moved back into her family home in [[St. Johns, Michigan]], where she lived in distress.{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|pp=52-53}} She was cared for in the aftermath of the affair by Lum himself, who became a stabilising influence in her life.{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=53}}
In January 1889, Garside attended a Knights of Labor meeting in [[Chicago]], where he was scheduled to give a lecture on behalf of the SLP.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|pp=169-170}} The meeting was chaired by [[Lizzie Holmes]], who had invited the anarchist [[Lucy Parsons]] to speak at the meeting before Garside.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|p=170}} After Parsons' 90 minute speech, Garside stood up to give his 30 minute lecture.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|pp=170-171}} Garside had himself been invited to the meeting by the SLP's leader [[Thomas J. Morgan]], who hoped to have an ally against Parsons, but Garside instead aligned himself with the anarchists.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1pp=170-171|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} While Garside himself expressed concerns about the anarchists' violent tactics, he also dismissed [[electoralism]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1p=171|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} and distinguished between [[Code of law|codified law]] and [[natural law]].{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|p=171}} Morgan quickly denounced Garside, declaring that at the meeting he had "disgusted all the socialists while the anarchists roared with delight."{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1p=171|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} Morgan's speech was interrupted by the audience when he mentioned Garside, who they applauded.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|p=171}} Dismayed by his defeat at the meeting, Morgan had expelled Garside from the SLP.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1pp=171-172|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}}
===Leadership of the 1890 cloakmakers' strike===
In 1889, Garside moved to [[New York City]], where he joined the [[International Working People's Association]] (IWPA), spoke alongside [[Johann Most]] at its meetings and published a pamphlet that critiqued modern [[industrialisation]], which sold 15,000 copies.{{Sfn|Goyens|2007|p=216}} By this time, Garside had become concerned with improving living and working conditions for the city's Jewish immigrants, organising [[Benefit society|mutual aid societies]] for their benefit.{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} In 1890, Jewish workers in New York's cloakmaking industry had organised a mass [[strike action|strike movement]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2pp=55-56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3p=29}} 3,000 workers strong,{{Sfn|Zimmer|2010|pp=55-56}} led by [[Joseph Barondess]] under the banner of the [[United Hebrew Trades]]. Seeking anarchist support for the strike, Barondess invited the Jewish anarchist [[Emma Goldman]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2010|1pp=55-56|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2015|2pp=29-30}} as well as Garside himself, to help lead the strike action.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2pp=55-56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3pp=29-30}}
When Goldman met Garside during the strike, she described him as "tall, pale, and languid-looking. His manner was gentle and ingratiating, and he resembled somewhat the pictures of Christ."{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=51-52|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} Goldman recalled that "He was always trying to pacify conflicting elements, to smooth things over."{{Sfn|Goyens|2007|p=216}} An article about the strike in ''[[The Midland Journal]]'' described him as "a man who impresses one with the idea that his store of nervous energy must be almost inexhaustible, and his frank manner and pleasant voice bind to him the confidence of his followers, and enable him to sway the passions of those toilers who have learned to believe him almost infallible. He is a tall, well built, rather handsome man, with curling brown hair, mustache and imperial. He wears a black slouch hat and dresses plainly."{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} Chaim Leib Weinberg recalled Garside leading a parade on [[International Workers' Day]] of 1890, which was so large that the press began to panic, "terrified that [[social revolution]] in America was imminent".{{Sfn|Weinberg|2008|pp=15-16}}
Garside secured [[strike pay]] for the cloakmakers, and gained the support from Jewish anarchists after he spoke in favour of "[[propaganda of the deed]]" and against electoralism.{{Sfn|Zimmer|2010|p=56}} He was elected to represent the union, in negotiations for a settlement with their employers.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2p=56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3pp=29-30}} But as the terms of the settlement did not include the dismissal of [[strikebreakers]] or the fixing of wages, the union rejected the settlement and continued the strike until their demands were met.{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2010|1p=56|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2015|2pp=29-30}} The strike achieved its goals and ended in July 1890, after which Garside returned to Philadelphia.{{Sfn|Zimmer|2010|p=56}}
In June 1891, the ''[[New York Times]]'' published a story alleging that Garside had become a deputy of the [[United States Marshals Service]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Goyens|1y=2007|1p=216|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2p=56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3p=30}} although the story's accuracy wasn't verified.{{Sfn|Goyens|2007|p=216}} The anarchists' influence within the cloakmakers' union was greatly undermined by the scandal.{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2010|1p=56|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2015|2p=30}} Garside himself subsequently disappeared from American historical record.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1p=53|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}}
===Return to Britain and later life===
By 1893, Garside had returned to Britain and settled in [[Broughton, Salford|Broughton]], where he joined the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP) and became involved in tenants rights struggles. He wrote about the [[exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of tenant-workers in [[Ancoats]] by the [[Manchester City Council|Manchester Corporation]], and was involved in a litigation case against landlords by the Lancashire and Cheshire Society of Stallholders.<ref name="RHG">According to Rebecca Hamilton Garside.</ref> At the second conference of the ILP in 1894, Garside represented the Women's National Assotiation of the ILP as a delegate from Manchester; he proposed that the ILP headquarters be moved to Manchester, which he pointed out had been the centre of the independent labour movement.<ref name="ILP">{{cite book|title=Minutes of the Second Annual Conference of the Independent Labour Party, Held in the Lesser Free Trade Hall, Manchester, February 2nd and 3rd, 1894|date=February 1894|publisher=[[Independent Labour Party]]|jstor=60214675}}</ref>
During [[World War I]], Garside and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] MP [[James Hogge]] became concerned with the welfare of [[veterans]]. In mid-January 1917, Garside and Hogge established the Naval and Military War Pensions and Welfare league, a national organisation created to push for military pensions after demobilisation.<ref name="Charity"/><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Ward|first=Stephen Ralph|year=1969|title=British Veterans' Organizations of the First World War|publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]]|id={{ProQuest|7000470}}}}</ref> In 1918, Hogge and Garside published a report on the matter, in the book ''War Pensions and Allowances''.<ref name="Charity">{{Cite thesis|last=Hally|first=Mike|year=2021|title=Rights not charity: the radical roots of the British Legion|url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/39403|type=[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]|publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]|pp=88}}</ref><ref name="Tommy">{{cite book|last=Murrison|first=Andrew|year=2011|chapter=The covenant and industrial warfare|title=Tommy This an' Tommy That: The Military Covenant|url=https://archive.org/details/tommythisantommy0000murr/|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84954-106-0|pp=34-36}}</ref> Garside ran as the Liberal candidate in [[Ilford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ilford]] for the [[1918 United Kingdom general election]], but came last place with 13.7% of the vote, losing to the Conservative candidate [[Peter Griggs]].<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref> After the war, he served as secretary of the [[National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Sailors and Soldiers]] (NFDDSS).<ref name="RHG"/>
Thomas Hamilton Garside died in the [[Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea|London borough]] of [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], on 21 October 1927.<ref name="RHG"/>
==Selected works==
*''A Critique of the Present Industrial System'' (1889)
*''The Horrors of Ancoats'' (1893) {{Oclc|80365117}}
*''Mr Nobody, of Nowhere, and Nan'' (1895, The Market Stree Press Works) {{Oclc|1056039856}}
*''War Pensions And Allowances'' (1918, Hodder and Stoughton) {{Oclc|3733305}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ashbaugh |first1=Carolyn |year=1976 |title=Lucy Parsons, American Revolutionary |location=Chicago |publisher=[[Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company]] |isbn=0-88286-005-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Avrich|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Avrich|year=1978|chapter=The Making of an Anarchist|title=An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre|title-link=An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre|location=Princeton|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-04657-0|pp=38-69}}
* {{cite news|editor-last=Ewing|editor-first=Edwin E.|date=August 22, 1890|title=A Good Leader: Thomas H. Garside, Head of the New York Cloakmakers' Latest Controversy|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89060136/1890-08-22/ed-1/|work=[[The Midland Journal]]|volume=12|issue=49|p=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Goyens|first=Tom|year=2007|chapter=German Anarchists in Progressive New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulnTCh7zbWwC|title=Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement in New York City, 1880-1914|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|isbn=978-0-252-03175-5|pp=183-220}}<!--216-->
*{{cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Chaim Leib|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2_ZISb53nkC|title=Forty Years in the Struggle: The Memoirs of a Jewish Anarchist|editor-first=Robert P.|editor-last=Helms|translator-first=Naomi|translator-last=Cohen|location=[[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]|publisher=[[Litwin Books, LLC|Litwin Books]]|isbn=978-0-9802004-3-0}} <!-- xii, 15, 165n35-->
*{{cite thesis|last=Zimmer|first=Kenyon|year=2010|title="The whole world is our country": Immigration and anarchism in the United States, 1885–1940|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]|id={{ProQuest|3435561}}}}
*{{Cite book|last=Zimmer|first=Kenyon|year=2015|chapter="Yiddish Is My Homeland": Jewish Anarchists in New York City|title=Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhIDCgAAQBAJ|location=[[Chicago]]|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|isbn=978-0-252-03938-6}} <!--29-30-->
{{refend}}
==External link==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/search?drop...&query=Garside&sort=best&startDate=1889-01-01 Archived articles about Garside] - ''[[The New York Times]]''
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garside, Thomas Hamilton}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Independent Labour Party politicians]]
[[Category:Knights of Labor people]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category
eople from Lancashire]]
[[Category:Scottish anarchists]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Ireland]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Scottish Protestants]]
[[Category:Scottish socialists]]
[[Category:Scottish trade unionists]]
[[Category:Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Stockholm University alumni]]
[[Category:United States Marshals]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|Scottish trade unionist (1855–1927)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Thomas Hamilton Garside
| honorific_suffix =
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->
| image_upright =
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Thomas Douglas Hamilton Garside
| birth_date = {{birth year|1855}}
| birth_place = [[Lancashire]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered -->
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1927|10|21|1855|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability -->
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| nationality = [[Scottish people|Scottish]]
| other_names =
| siglum =
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| education = [[Stockholm University]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = <!-- discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source -->
| known_for =
| notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" -->
| style =
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| television =
| title = <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) -->
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] {{small|(from 1914)}}
| otherparty = {{unbulleted list|[[Socialist Labor Party of America]] {{Small|(1887–1889)}}|[[International Working People's Association]] {{Small|(1889–1891)}}|[[Independent Labour Party]] {{Small|(1893–{{circa|1914}})}}}}
| movement = [[Labour movement]]
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charges = <!-- criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = {{marriage|Emma Mary Goldman|8 May 1884|21 October 1927}}
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| children = 5
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant -->
| awards =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_type =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thomas Douglas Hamilton Garside''' (1855–1927) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[mathematics]] [[professor]] and [[trade union]] leader. The son of a Scottish railroad contractor, he became an evangelical preacher in [[Northern Ireland]], before moving to the United States. In [[Philadelphia]], he joined the [[socialism in the United States|socialist movement]] and became an organiser for the [[Knights of Labor]]. By 1889, he had gravitated towards [[anarchism]] and was expelled from the [[Socialist Labor Party of America]]. The following year, he led a cloakmakers' strike in [[New York City]], along with [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Joseph Barondess]]. After the strike achieved its goals, he returned to Philadelphia, where he allegedly became a [[United States Marshals Service|United States Marshal]]. By 1893, he had returned to Britain, where he joined the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP) and organised for tenants' rights. During [[World War I]], he joined the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], within which he agitated for welfare and pensions for veterans. He died in London in 1927.
==Biography==
===Early life===
Thomas Douglas Hamilton Garside was born in [[Lancashire]],{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} in 1855, the son of a Scottish railroad contractor.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} He was educated at [[Stockholm University]] and remained in the city after graduation, teaching mathematics at a secondary school.{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} He then followed his father's wishes that he become a [[preacher]] and moved to [[Northern Ireland]], where he preached the gospel for seven years.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}}
===Socialist activism in the United States===
In 1881, he immigrated to the United States, initially settling in [[Baltimore]] before moving to [[Philadelphia]], where he worked as a [[tutoring|tutor]] for aspiring college students.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} Before long, the former evangelical preacher had become a [[socialism|socialist]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=51-52|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2p=56}} He soon quit his tutoring job and moved into [[trade union]] organising,{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} joining the [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor Party]] (SLP){{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} and the [[Knights of Labor]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=51-52|2a1=Ewing|2y=1890|2p=1|3a1=Goyens|3y=2007|3p=216}}
On 8 May 1884,<ref name="RHG"/> Garside married Emma Mary Goldman,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Not to be confused with the anarchist activist [[Emma Goldman]].}}, the daughter of a well-off farmer from [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]].{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} In 1888, he had an affair with the anarchist [[Voltairine de Cleyre]].{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=51}} In a poem about Garside, de Cleyre wrote lovingly of his "tender mouth and Christ-like eyes", as well as his voice, which she described as "sweet as the summer wind that sighs through the arbors of Paradise."{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|pp=51-52}} Despite warnings from [[Dyer Lum]], who told her that Garside was "vain and self-indulgent", de Cleyre fell deeply in love with him. According to historian [[Paul Avrich]], "for all his charm and glib phrasemaking," Garside turned out to be "superficial, egotistical, and callous."{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=52}} After a few months of their affair, Garside abandoned de Cleyre, which left her feeling hurt and betrayed.{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=52}} She wrote several poems about her rejection, moved back into her family home in [[St. Johns, Michigan]], where she lived in distress.{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|pp=52-53}} She was cared for in the aftermath of the affair by Lum himself, who became a stabilising influence in her life.{{Sfn|Avrich|1978|p=53}}
In January 1889, Garside attended a Knights of Labor meeting in [[Chicago]], where he was scheduled to give a lecture on behalf of the SLP.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|pp=169-170}} The meeting was chaired by [[Lizzie Holmes]], who had invited the anarchist [[Lucy Parsons]] to speak at the meeting before Garside.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|p=170}} After Parsons' 90 minute speech, Garside stood up to give his 30 minute lecture.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|pp=170-171}} Garside had himself been invited to the meeting by the SLP's leader [[Thomas J. Morgan]], who hoped to have an ally against Parsons, but Garside instead aligned himself with the anarchists.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1pp=170-171|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} While Garside himself expressed concerns about the anarchists' violent tactics, he also dismissed [[electoralism]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1p=171|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} and distinguished between [[Code of law|codified law]] and [[natural law]].{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|p=171}} Morgan quickly denounced Garside, declaring that at the meeting he had "disgusted all the socialists while the anarchists roared with delight."{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1p=171|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} Morgan's speech was interrupted by the audience when he mentioned Garside, who they applauded.{{Sfn|Ashbaugh|1976|p=171}} Dismayed by his defeat at the meeting, Morgan had expelled Garside from the SLP.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ashbaugh|1y=1976|1pp=171-172|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}}
===Leadership of the 1890 cloakmakers' strike===
In 1889, Garside moved to [[New York City]], where he joined the [[International Working People's Association]] (IWPA), spoke alongside [[Johann Most]] at its meetings and published a pamphlet that critiqued modern [[industrialisation]], which sold 15,000 copies.{{Sfn|Goyens|2007|p=216}} By this time, Garside had become concerned with improving living and working conditions for the city's Jewish immigrants, organising [[Benefit society|mutual aid societies]] for their benefit.{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} In 1890, Jewish workers in New York's cloakmaking industry had organised a mass [[strike action|strike movement]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2pp=55-56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3p=29}} 3,000 workers strong,{{Sfn|Zimmer|2010|pp=55-56}} led by [[Joseph Barondess]] under the banner of the [[United Hebrew Trades]]. Seeking anarchist support for the strike, Barondess invited the Jewish anarchist [[Emma Goldman]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2010|1pp=55-56|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2015|2pp=29-30}} as well as Garside himself, to help lead the strike action.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2pp=55-56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3pp=29-30}}
When Goldman met Garside during the strike, she described him as "tall, pale, and languid-looking. His manner was gentle and ingratiating, and he resembled somewhat the pictures of Christ."{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=51-52|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}} Goldman recalled that "He was always trying to pacify conflicting elements, to smooth things over."{{Sfn|Goyens|2007|p=216}} An article about the strike in ''[[The Midland Journal]]'' described him as "a man who impresses one with the idea that his store of nervous energy must be almost inexhaustible, and his frank manner and pleasant voice bind to him the confidence of his followers, and enable him to sway the passions of those toilers who have learned to believe him almost infallible. He is a tall, well built, rather handsome man, with curling brown hair, mustache and imperial. He wears a black slouch hat and dresses plainly."{{Sfn|Ewing|1890|p=1}} Chaim Leib Weinberg recalled Garside leading a parade on [[International Workers' Day]] of 1890, which was so large that the press began to panic, "terrified that [[social revolution]] in America was imminent".{{Sfn|Weinberg|2008|pp=15-16}}
Garside secured [[strike pay]] for the cloakmakers, and gained the support from Jewish anarchists after he spoke in favour of "[[propaganda of the deed]]" and against electoralism.{{Sfn|Zimmer|2010|p=56}} He was elected to represent the union, in negotiations for a settlement with their employers.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ewing|1y=1890|1p=1|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2p=56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3pp=29-30}} But as the terms of the settlement did not include the dismissal of [[strikebreakers]] or the fixing of wages, the union rejected the settlement and continued the strike until their demands were met.{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2010|1p=56|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2015|2pp=29-30}} The strike achieved its goals and ended in July 1890, after which Garside returned to Philadelphia.{{Sfn|Zimmer|2010|p=56}}
In June 1891, the ''[[New York Times]]'' published a story alleging that Garside had become a deputy of the [[United States Marshals Service]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Goyens|1y=2007|1p=216|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2010|2p=56|3a1=Zimmer|3y=2015|3p=30}} although the story's accuracy wasn't verified.{{Sfn|Goyens|2007|p=216}} The anarchists' influence within the cloakmakers' union was greatly undermined by the scandal.{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2010|1p=56|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2015|2p=30}} Garside himself subsequently disappeared from American historical record.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1p=53|2a1=Goyens|2y=2007|2p=216}}
===Return to Britain and later life===
By 1893, Garside had returned to Britain and settled in [[Broughton, Salford|Broughton]], where he joined the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP) and became involved in tenants rights struggles. He wrote about the [[exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of tenant-workers in [[Ancoats]] by the [[Manchester City Council|Manchester Corporation]], and was involved in a litigation case against landlords by the Lancashire and Cheshire Society of Stallholders.<ref name="RHG">According to Rebecca Hamilton Garside.</ref> At the second conference of the ILP in 1894, Garside represented the Women's National Assotiation of the ILP as a delegate from Manchester; he proposed that the ILP headquarters be moved to Manchester, which he pointed out had been the centre of the independent labour movement.<ref name="ILP">{{cite book|title=Minutes of the Second Annual Conference of the Independent Labour Party, Held in the Lesser Free Trade Hall, Manchester, February 2nd and 3rd, 1894|date=February 1894|publisher=[[Independent Labour Party]]|jstor=60214675}}</ref>
During [[World War I]], Garside and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] MP [[James Hogge]] became concerned with the welfare of [[veterans]]. In mid-January 1917, Garside and Hogge established the Naval and Military War Pensions and Welfare league, a national organisation created to push for military pensions after demobilisation.<ref name="Charity"/><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Ward|first=Stephen Ralph|year=1969|title=British Veterans' Organizations of the First World War|publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]]|id={{ProQuest|7000470}}}}</ref> In 1918, Hogge and Garside published a report on the matter, in the book ''War Pensions and Allowances''.<ref name="Charity">{{Cite thesis|last=Hally|first=Mike|year=2021|title=Rights not charity: the radical roots of the British Legion|url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/39403|type=[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]|publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]|pp=88}}</ref><ref name="Tommy">{{cite book|last=Murrison|first=Andrew|year=2011|chapter=The covenant and industrial warfare|title=Tommy This an' Tommy That: The Military Covenant|url=https://archive.org/details/tommythisantommy0000murr/|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84954-106-0|pp=34-36}}</ref> Garside ran as the Liberal candidate in [[Ilford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ilford]] for the [[1918 United Kingdom general election]], but came last place with 13.7% of the vote, losing to the Conservative candidate [[Peter Griggs]].<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref> After the war, he served as secretary of the [[National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Sailors and Soldiers]] (NFDDSS).<ref name="RHG"/>
Thomas Hamilton Garside died in the [[Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea|London borough]] of [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], on 21 October 1927.<ref name="RHG"/>
==Selected works==
*''A Critique of the Present Industrial System'' (1889)
*''The Horrors of Ancoats'' (1893) {{Oclc|80365117}}
*''Mr Nobody, of Nowhere, and Nan'' (1895, The Market Stree Press Works) {{Oclc|1056039856}}
*''War Pensions And Allowances'' (1918, Hodder and Stoughton) {{Oclc|3733305}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ashbaugh |first1=Carolyn |year=1976 |title=Lucy Parsons, American Revolutionary |location=Chicago |publisher=[[Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company]] |isbn=0-88286-005-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Avrich|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Avrich|year=1978|chapter=The Making of an Anarchist|title=An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre|title-link=An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre|location=Princeton|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-04657-0|pp=38-69}}
* {{cite news|editor-last=Ewing|editor-first=Edwin E.|date=August 22, 1890|title=A Good Leader: Thomas H. Garside, Head of the New York Cloakmakers' Latest Controversy|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89060136/1890-08-22/ed-1/|work=[[The Midland Journal]]|volume=12|issue=49|p=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Goyens|first=Tom|year=2007|chapter=German Anarchists in Progressive New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulnTCh7zbWwC|title=Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement in New York City, 1880-1914|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|isbn=978-0-252-03175-5|pp=183-220}}<!--216-->
*{{cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Chaim Leib|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2_ZISb53nkC|title=Forty Years in the Struggle: The Memoirs of a Jewish Anarchist|editor-first=Robert P.|editor-last=Helms|translator-first=Naomi|translator-last=Cohen|location=[[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]|publisher=[[Litwin Books, LLC|Litwin Books]]|isbn=978-0-9802004-3-0}} <!-- xii, 15, 165n35-->
*{{cite thesis|last=Zimmer|first=Kenyon|year=2010|title="The whole world is our country": Immigration and anarchism in the United States, 1885–1940|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]|id={{ProQuest|3435561}}}}
*{{Cite book|last=Zimmer|first=Kenyon|year=2015|chapter="Yiddish Is My Homeland": Jewish Anarchists in New York City|title=Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhIDCgAAQBAJ|location=[[Chicago]]|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|isbn=978-0-252-03938-6}} <!--29-30-->
{{refend}}
==External link==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/search?drop...&query=Garside&sort=best&startDate=1889-01-01 Archived articles about Garside] - ''[[The New York Times]]''
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garside, Thomas Hamilton}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Independent Labour Party politicians]]
[[Category:Knights of Labor people]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category
eople from Lancashire]][[Category:Scottish anarchists]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Ireland]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Scottish Protestants]]
[[Category:Scottish socialists]]
[[Category:Scottish trade unionists]]
[[Category:Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Stockholm University alumni]]
[[Category:United States Marshals]]
Okumaya devam et...