Ehrenkater: /* Second World War */
{{Short description|Schloss Schlobitten is a ruined baroque palace in former East Prussia, now Poland}}
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten Sammlung Duncker.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Friedrichstein Palace by [[Alexander Duncker]] around 1860]]
[[Image: Schlobitten palace.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The ruins of Schloss Schlobitten today]]
'''Schlobitten Palace''' ({{Lang-de|Schloss Schlobitten}} or {{Lang-pl|Pałac w Słobitach}}) is a ruined [[Baroque architecture|baroque]] palace in [[Słobity]] ({{Lang-de| Schlobitten}}), in the [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]] in [[Poland]]. Formerly, it was part of [[East Prussia]]. The palace, constructed between 1622 and 1624, was the seat of the Schlobitten branch of the Dohna family. In 1945, it was looted and plundered by the [[Red Army]], before it was set afire. Since, then it has been a ruin.
Part of the inventory and collections was saved by prince [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1899–1997)|Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]] (1899-1997); he later transferred this to the [[Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg]] in order to keep it together; it can be now admired as the Dohna-Schlobitten collection in Schloss Doberlug in [[Doberlug-Kirchhain]], [[Germany]].
The palace was one of the so-called 'royal palaces' of East Prussia, which could be used by the king of [[Prussia]] while travelling around. It was one of the best examples of Baroque architecture in East Prussia.<ref name=":dehio" /> Today, the palace is in poor condition and deteriorating. Also, the landscape park is totally neglected.
==History==
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schloss Schlobitten around 1720]]
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten, etwa 1915.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schloss Schlobitten around 1915]]
[[Image: Schlobitten Palace 1919.png|thumb|300px|right|Schloss Schlobitten in 1919]]
[[Image: Schlobitten Palace Aerial View.png|thumb|300px|right|Aerial view of Schloss Schlobitten]]
===16th century: the Dohna family comes to Schlobitten===
The Dohna family originated from [[Saxony]] and came to [[Prussia]] in the 15th century.<ref name=":sieber">{{Cite book |last1=Sieber |first1=Helmut |title=Schlösser und Herrensitz in Ost- und Westpreussen – Nach alten Stichen und Zeichnungen |year=1958 |publisher=Wolfgang Weidlich |location=Frankfurt "*****" Main |pages=51-52 |language=de }}</ref> In 1525, [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] (1490-1568) rewarded Peter von Dohna (1483–1553) for his services with the estate and village of Schlobitten.<ref name=":sieber" /> Peter's son Aschatius von Dohna (1533–1601) relocated the family seat to Schlobitten and replaced an older manor house with a fortified house surrounded by moats, which he inhabited from 1589 onward.
Achatius' son Abraham (1579–1631) erected the first castle in the early [[Baroque Architecture|Baroque]] style following Dutch models between 1622 and 1624, whose three-tiered curved ornamental gables echoed the [[Dutch Baroque architecture|Dutch baroque]].<ref name=":dehio">{{Cite book |last1=Antoni |first1=Michael |title=Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler West- und Ostpreußen |year=1993 |publisher=Deutscher Kunstverlag |location=München |pages=560-561 |language=de |isbn=3-422-03025-5 }}</ref><ref name=":sieber" /> The appearance of the castle is preserved through a drawing by the builder. Investigations by Polish experts indicate that Abraham's construction integrated cellar vaults of the previous building from the 16th century. During the [[List of wars between Poland and Sweden|Polish-Swedish War]], the castle was ravaged by plunderers and only hastily restored by Abraham.
===17th century: the Connection to House of Orange and the Brederode family===
After Abraham’s death, while his widow inhabited parts of the estate for several years, his nephew and heir Friedrich von Dohna, former governor of the [[Principality of Orange]] in the service of the [[House of Orange]], resided at [[Coppet Castle|Château de Coppet]] on [[Lake Geneva]]. The connection to the Oranges was through Friedrich's parents, Christoph zu Dohna and Ursula, née countess of [[Solms-Braunfels]]; the latter had two sisters: [[Amalia of Solms-Braunfels]] (1602-1675), who was married to the Dutch [[stadtholder]] [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]] (1584-1647), and Louise Christina, who had married the [[Dutch States Army|Dutch army]] chief Johan Wolfert van Brederode (1599-1655), member of the [[Van Brederode]] family. Through this connection, there was also a relationship to Amalia's grandchildren, kings [[William III of England]] (1650-1702) and [[Frederick I of Prussia]] (1657-1713).
The Brederode family died out with the Johan Wolfert’s son, Wolfert van Brederode (1649-1679). The Dohna family inherited the [[Vianen]] estate with [[Batestein Castle]]. Until 1945, the Dohna princes kept the heirlooms in a separate ‘Brederode room’ in the castle.
===18th century===
Frederick I, who founded the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1701, wished for his new kingdom to be adorned with magnificent baroque palaces for reasons of cultural representation. Thus, almost simultaneously, the castles Schlodien (also owned by the Dohna family), [[Friedrichstein Palace|Friedrichstein]], and [[Dönhoffstädt]] (counts Dönhoff), [[Finckenstein Palace|Finckenstein]] (counts [[Finck von Finckenstein]]), and Capustigall (counts Waldburg) were built in competition with each other – the latter two would later also come into possession of the Dohna family. Of these residences, only Dönhoffstädt remains undestroyed today, and Schlodien has been fully reconstructed.
Frederick's son, count [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]] (1661-1728) rebuilt the ruins of Schlobitten castle in the years 1696 to 1723 in the style of the high baroque according to designs by Jean Baptiste Broebes<ref name=":dehio" /><ref name=":sieber" /> He expanded the manor house with a second gallery, and added two wings at right angles, so that the building enclosed a horseshoe-shaped courtyard.<ref name=":dehio" /><ref name=":sieber" /> At the same time, his brother Christoph built the nearby castle in Schlodien. The further expansion from 1704 onwards was carried out under the direction of Johann Caspar Hindersin: The outer courtyard of the stable was surrounded by low connecting wings, a third floor and a [[mansard roof]] were added to the main building.<ref name=":dehio" /> Hindersin thus created "a highly original ensemble enclosing two square courtyards of great charm." The ballroom with its magnificent stucco was decorated by Joseph Anton Kraus in 1713.
===19th and 20th centuries===
In the 19th century, the palace garden was transformed into a landscape park.
Count Richard of Dohna-Schlobitten (1843–1916) was a Prussian politician and close friend to the German emperor, [[Wilhelm II]] (1859-1941), who often came to Schlobitten for hunting parties.<ref name=":dohna" /> In 1900, Count Richard was elevated to a hereditary prince.<ref name=":dohna" /> Prince Richard was part of the so-called ''Liebenberg Circle'', a group of artistically minded aristocrats within the entourage of Wilhelm II, named after [[Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg|Prince Philipp of Eulenburg]] (1847–1921).
===Second World War===
The place was last renovated in 1944 by [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1899–1997)|Prince Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]] (1899–1997).
On 19 January 1945, the residents of the castle, along with the staff under the leadership of Prince Alexander, set out westward, totalling 330 people, 140 horses, and 38 wagons. They also took along 31 valuable Trakehner mares from their breeding program. The castle was looted, burned down and devastated upon the invasion by the [[Red Army]].<ref name=":dohna">{{cite book |last=Dohna-Schlobitten |first=Alexander |title="Erinnerungen eines alten Ostpreussen"|trans-title="Recollections of an old East Prussian" |language=German |publisher=Siedler |location=Berlin |year=1989 |isbn=3-8003-3115-2 |pages=196–201}}</ref>
===Schlobitten Palace: 1945 till modern times===
[[Image: Schlobitten Palace - panoramio.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Another view of the ruins today]]
[[Image: Słobity-pałac-ruina.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The castle ruins below a dark sky]]
When the southern part of East Prussia came under Polish administration after World War II, Schloss Schlobitten and its estate were confiscated. The palace was hit by another fire in 1949. Various ancillary buildings were demolished and from the main buildings only the walls remain. The palace ruins are in poor condition and deteriorating. Also, not much remains anymore of the landscape park.
A group of Polish architecture students has been committed to the rebuilding of the palace, but there are no concrete plans yet.
===Dohna-Schlobitten collection after the War===
Already in 1944, parts of the valuable art collection, consisting of numerous baroque furniture pieces and paintings, tapestries, and Delft faience, including a tobacco box adorned with diamonds belonging to Frederick the Great, had been evacuated to the west by the last owner, prince Alexander of Dohna, partly by train and partly with a refugee convoy, along with part of the associated stud farm.
The evacuated artworks were housed in various castles of related or friendly families, including [[Schloss Muskau]], but two-thirds of them fell victim to looting at the end of the war. Only the objects relocated to [[Schloss Laubach]] in [[Hesse]] were recovered by the Dohna family after the war. Parts of the collection seized in the [[East Germany]] were able to be returned to the inventory after [[German reunification]].
The wish of Prince Alexander of Dohna to exhibit the rescued art inventory of Schlobitten Castle as a whole, prompted him to offer the items returned to him by various East German museums to the [[Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg]] for purchase. The Foundation decided to take over the Dohna-Schlobitten collection in two tranches, in 1992 and 1999. It consists of over 1000 individual pieces, including 72 paintings, 35 pieces of furniture, over 200 porcelain and faience items, 48 glasses, over 600 objects made of precious and base metals, 250 individual craft items of various materials, and more than 500 textiles.
A part of the collection was housed in the [[Schloss Charlottenburg|Charlottenburg palace]] in [[Berlin]]. Since 2009, some of the rescued artworks from Schlobitten were on display at the [[Schönhausen Palace]]. However, many objects were stored in the foundation's depots. From 2023, the entire collection is exhibited in Schloss Doberlug in [[Doberlug-Kirchhain]], museum focused on on Central European noble culture. <ref{{cite web |url=https://www.museumsverbund-lkee.de/...014.5&ModID=7&FID=3014.49.1&NavID=3014.6&La=1 |title= Vom Feinsten. Preußische Adelsschätze in sächsischen Mauern |website= www.museumsverbund-lkee.de |language=de | access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>
==Architecture==
[[Image: Um 1800 - Architektur - Bd2 - Mebes 0093.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The palaces of Schlobitten and Finckenstein around 1908]]
The two-story main building was initially executed as a solid plastered structure with a basement in the Renaissance style, featuring dormers with three-tiered curved gables. In 1627, slightly separated from the main building, a single-story library building was added, along with an elongated gallery spanned by rib vaults.
A new construction in the Baroque style was commissioned from 1696 to 1736. Initially, the architect Jean Baptiste Broebes was responsible for the planning; he designed the layout of the castle complex and erected the east wing. From 1704 onwards, Johann Caspar Hindersin took over the leadership. He was assisted by the castle master builder Joachim Ludwig Schultheiß von Unfriedt as an expert advisor. For the interior design, Alexander was able to enlist the services of Joseph Anton Kraus, a student of [[Andreas Schlüter]] and a stucco artist, as well as the painter and fresco artist Giovanni Baptista Schannes, for several years. Kraus, possibly in collaboration with the stucco artist Johann Georg Pörtzel, designed the ballroom, the central section, the staircases, and the royal chambers.
====Gallery: A tour of the palace interior in the first half of the 20th century====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px" caption="">
File: Schlobitten Palace Hall.jpg | The Hall
File: Schlobitten Palace Royal Cabinet.jpg | Antechambre in the royal appartment
File:Friedrichstein Gartensaal looking South 1910.jpg | Cabinet in the royal appartment
File: Schlobitten Palace Royal Bedroom.jpg | Bedroom in the royal appartment
</gallery>
==Art collection ==
The art collection of the castle, of which considerable remnants are still preserved in the Dohna-Schlobitten collection to this day, consisted of 450 paintings, in addition to decorative furniture, carpets, household items, textiles, porcelain, and Dutch [[Faience|faience]]. It also included drawings, miniatures, and small sculptures such as portrait busts. Alongside a few [[Still life|Still lifes]] and biblical pieces, portraits from the 17th to the 19th century predominated in the collection, which largely survived the Second World War.
Particularly noteworthy are 22 portraits of members of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]], the Dutch royal family, and 31 images of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] from [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]] to Emperor [[Wilhelm II]]. The House of Orange was related to the Dohnas both by blood and politically, and through this connection, there was also a relationship to the Prussian royal family, the [[House of Hohenzollern]], who used Schlobitten as a stopover on their travels. However, not all these portraits have known artists. There are paintings in the style of [[Michiel van Mierevelt]], others could be from [[Jan de Baen]], as well as [[Gerard van Honthorst|Gerard]] and [[Willem van Honthorst]], and [[Antoine Pesne]] are included in the collection. Many paintings, however, are only replicas of well-known portraits from other princely collections.
In addition to the royal portraits, family portraits occupy a large space. A significant piece is a large-format family portrait by [[Johannes Mytens]] from 1644. Some of these paintings were later supplemented by other painters, usually after the birth of children, grandchildren, and nephews. At that time, there were itinerant painters who moved from castle to castle and carried out commissioned work for princes and the landed gentry. Their names are often preserved in signatures, also on the backs of the pictures, but their works are mostly not of high artistic quality. However, more significant artists could also be afforded by the Dohnas. These included, for example, [[Johann Friedrich August Tischbein]] in the 19th century and well-known Königsberg artists such as [[Johann Eduard Wolff]].
==Palace library==
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten, Alte Bilbliothek, etwa 1915.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The palace library in 1915]]
Since 1627, there has been a library in Schlobitten, which, in addition to the Dohna archives, contained primarily first editions of well-known classical literature published since the 16th century; songbooks, travel literature, and Dutch novels that served as entertainment reading around 1700. But there were also works of political science and theological polemics from the time of religious conflicts after the Reformation in the library.
There were a few incunabula, among which the sermons of well-known theologians of the 15th century, such as Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg and Johannes de Bromyard, are noteworthy. From the 16th century, there were works by [[Erasmus]] of Rotterdam, a Bible dedicated by hand by [[Philipp Melanchthon]] from 1556, ten volumes of sermons by [[Martin Luther]] from 1555 to 1558, and an edition of [[Paracelsus]]' "Philosophia ad Athenienses" from 1564. A catalogue from 1858 lists over 55,000 volumes.
By the end of the 19th century, the collection had grown so significantly (prince Richard Wilhelm was an avid book collector) that the existing space needed to be expanded. Until then, the library had been housed in a 33-meter-long, six-meter-deep, and 4.30-meter-high room with a ribbed vault in the annex east of the main house, built during Abraham von Dohna's time. Now, rooms of the library were added to the corresponding annex on the west side of the castle.
==References==
<references />
==Literature==
* {{Cite book |last1=Sieber |first1=Helmut |title=Schlösser und Herrensitz in Ost- und Westpreussen – Nach alten Stichen und Zeichnungen |year=1958 |publisher=Wolfgang Weidlich |location=Frankfurt "*****" Main |pages=51-52 |language=de }}
* {{ Cite book |last3= Zu Dohna-Schlobitten |first3=Alexander |last1=Grommelt |first1=Carl |last2=Von Mertens |first2=Christine |title=Das Dohnasche Schloss Schlobitten in Ostpreussen |publisher=W. Kohlhammer |location=Stuttgart |year=1965 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book |last1=von Lorck |first1=Carl |title=Landschlösser und Gutshäuser in Ost- und Westpreußen |year=1965 |publisher=Weidlich |location=Frankfurt "*****" Main |pages=219,221 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gräfin Eulenburg |first1=Adelheid |last2=Engels |first2=Hans |title=Ostpreußische Gutshäuser in Polen: Gegenwart und Erinnerung |year=1992 |publisher=C.H. Beck Verlag |pages=136 |language=de |isbn= 978-3406367984 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Antoni |first1=Michael |title=Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler West- und Ostpreußen |year=1993 |publisher=Deutscher Kunstverlag |location=München |pages=560-561 |language=de |isbn=3-422-03025-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Heckmann |first1=Hermann |title=Baumeister des Barock und Rokoko in Brandenburg-Preussen |year=1998 |publisher=Verlag für Bauwesen |location=Berlin |pages=506 |isbn=3-345-00631-6 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Garniec |first1=Mirosław |last2=Jackiewicz-Garniec |first2=Małgorzata |title=Schlösser und Gutshäuser im ehemaligen Ostpreussen |year=2001 |publisher=Arta |pages=400 |language=de |isbn=978-8391284032 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Woldt |editor-first1=Isabella |editor-last2=Zuchowski |editor-first2=Tadeusz J. |last1=Korduba |first1=Piotr |title=Im Schatten von Berlin und Warschau Adelssitze im Herzogtum Preußen und Nordpolen 1650-1850 |year=2010 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |location=Berlin |pages=187-204 |language=de |isbn=978-3496014102 }}
* {{ Cite book |last1=Zu Dohna-Schlobitten |first1=Alexander |title=Erinnerungen eines alten Ostpreußen |publisher=Rautenberg |location=Würzburg |year=2013 |pages=384 |language=de }}
* {{cite book |last1=Zu Dohna |first1=Lothar |date=2013 |title= Die Dohnas und ihre Häuser. Profil einer europäischen Familie – Band 2 |publisher=Wallstein |location=Göttingen |pages=701-715 |chapter=Schlobitten |isbn= 978-3835312371 |language=de }}
==External Links==
{{Commons|category: Palace in Słobity|Schloss Schlobitten/ Schlobitten Palace}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.zi.fotothek.org/VZ/ort_index/Schlobitten |title=Schlobitten – Colour slides of Schlobitten palace taken during World War II |website=www.zi.fotothek.org |language=de | access-date=28 April 2024}}
[[Category:Baroque palaces in Poland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:East Prussia]]
[[Category:Former palaces in Poland]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|Schloss Schlobitten is a ruined baroque palace in former East Prussia, now Poland}}
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten Sammlung Duncker.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Friedrichstein Palace by [[Alexander Duncker]] around 1860]]
[[Image: Schlobitten palace.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The ruins of Schloss Schlobitten today]]
'''Schlobitten Palace''' ({{Lang-de|Schloss Schlobitten}} or {{Lang-pl|Pałac w Słobitach}}) is a ruined [[Baroque architecture|baroque]] palace in [[Słobity]] ({{Lang-de| Schlobitten}}), in the [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]] in [[Poland]]. Formerly, it was part of [[East Prussia]]. The palace, constructed between 1622 and 1624, was the seat of the Schlobitten branch of the Dohna family. In 1945, it was looted and plundered by the [[Red Army]], before it was set afire. Since, then it has been a ruin.
Part of the inventory and collections was saved by prince [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1899–1997)|Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]] (1899-1997); he later transferred this to the [[Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg]] in order to keep it together; it can be now admired as the Dohna-Schlobitten collection in Schloss Doberlug in [[Doberlug-Kirchhain]], [[Germany]].
The palace was one of the so-called 'royal palaces' of East Prussia, which could be used by the king of [[Prussia]] while travelling around. It was one of the best examples of Baroque architecture in East Prussia.<ref name=":dehio" /> Today, the palace is in poor condition and deteriorating. Also, the landscape park is totally neglected.
==History==
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schloss Schlobitten around 1720]]
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten, etwa 1915.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schloss Schlobitten around 1915]]
[[Image: Schlobitten Palace 1919.png|thumb|300px|right|Schloss Schlobitten in 1919]]
[[Image: Schlobitten Palace Aerial View.png|thumb|300px|right|Aerial view of Schloss Schlobitten]]
===16th century: the Dohna family comes to Schlobitten===
The Dohna family originated from [[Saxony]] and came to [[Prussia]] in the 15th century.<ref name=":sieber">{{Cite book |last1=Sieber |first1=Helmut |title=Schlösser und Herrensitz in Ost- und Westpreussen – Nach alten Stichen und Zeichnungen |year=1958 |publisher=Wolfgang Weidlich |location=Frankfurt "*****" Main |pages=51-52 |language=de }}</ref> In 1525, [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] (1490-1568) rewarded Peter von Dohna (1483–1553) for his services with the estate and village of Schlobitten.<ref name=":sieber" /> Peter's son Aschatius von Dohna (1533–1601) relocated the family seat to Schlobitten and replaced an older manor house with a fortified house surrounded by moats, which he inhabited from 1589 onward.
Achatius' son Abraham (1579–1631) erected the first castle in the early [[Baroque Architecture|Baroque]] style following Dutch models between 1622 and 1624, whose three-tiered curved ornamental gables echoed the [[Dutch Baroque architecture|Dutch baroque]].<ref name=":dehio">{{Cite book |last1=Antoni |first1=Michael |title=Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler West- und Ostpreußen |year=1993 |publisher=Deutscher Kunstverlag |location=München |pages=560-561 |language=de |isbn=3-422-03025-5 }}</ref><ref name=":sieber" /> The appearance of the castle is preserved through a drawing by the builder. Investigations by Polish experts indicate that Abraham's construction integrated cellar vaults of the previous building from the 16th century. During the [[List of wars between Poland and Sweden|Polish-Swedish War]], the castle was ravaged by plunderers and only hastily restored by Abraham.
===17th century: the Connection to House of Orange and the Brederode family===
After Abraham’s death, while his widow inhabited parts of the estate for several years, his nephew and heir Friedrich von Dohna, former governor of the [[Principality of Orange]] in the service of the [[House of Orange]], resided at [[Coppet Castle|Château de Coppet]] on [[Lake Geneva]]. The connection to the Oranges was through Friedrich's parents, Christoph zu Dohna and Ursula, née countess of [[Solms-Braunfels]]; the latter had two sisters: [[Amalia of Solms-Braunfels]] (1602-1675), who was married to the Dutch [[stadtholder]] [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]] (1584-1647), and Louise Christina, who had married the [[Dutch States Army|Dutch army]] chief Johan Wolfert van Brederode (1599-1655), member of the [[Van Brederode]] family. Through this connection, there was also a relationship to Amalia's grandchildren, kings [[William III of England]] (1650-1702) and [[Frederick I of Prussia]] (1657-1713).
The Brederode family died out with the Johan Wolfert’s son, Wolfert van Brederode (1649-1679). The Dohna family inherited the [[Vianen]] estate with [[Batestein Castle]]. Until 1945, the Dohna princes kept the heirlooms in a separate ‘Brederode room’ in the castle.
===18th century===
Frederick I, who founded the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1701, wished for his new kingdom to be adorned with magnificent baroque palaces for reasons of cultural representation. Thus, almost simultaneously, the castles Schlodien (also owned by the Dohna family), [[Friedrichstein Palace|Friedrichstein]], and [[Dönhoffstädt]] (counts Dönhoff), [[Finckenstein Palace|Finckenstein]] (counts [[Finck von Finckenstein]]), and Capustigall (counts Waldburg) were built in competition with each other – the latter two would later also come into possession of the Dohna family. Of these residences, only Dönhoffstädt remains undestroyed today, and Schlodien has been fully reconstructed.
Frederick's son, count [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]] (1661-1728) rebuilt the ruins of Schlobitten castle in the years 1696 to 1723 in the style of the high baroque according to designs by Jean Baptiste Broebes<ref name=":dehio" /><ref name=":sieber" /> He expanded the manor house with a second gallery, and added two wings at right angles, so that the building enclosed a horseshoe-shaped courtyard.<ref name=":dehio" /><ref name=":sieber" /> At the same time, his brother Christoph built the nearby castle in Schlodien. The further expansion from 1704 onwards was carried out under the direction of Johann Caspar Hindersin: The outer courtyard of the stable was surrounded by low connecting wings, a third floor and a [[mansard roof]] were added to the main building.<ref name=":dehio" /> Hindersin thus created "a highly original ensemble enclosing two square courtyards of great charm." The ballroom with its magnificent stucco was decorated by Joseph Anton Kraus in 1713.
===19th and 20th centuries===
In the 19th century, the palace garden was transformed into a landscape park.
Count Richard of Dohna-Schlobitten (1843–1916) was a Prussian politician and close friend to the German emperor, [[Wilhelm II]] (1859-1941), who often came to Schlobitten for hunting parties.<ref name=":dohna" /> In 1900, Count Richard was elevated to a hereditary prince.<ref name=":dohna" /> Prince Richard was part of the so-called ''Liebenberg Circle'', a group of artistically minded aristocrats within the entourage of Wilhelm II, named after [[Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg|Prince Philipp of Eulenburg]] (1847–1921).
===Second World War===
The place was last renovated in 1944 by [[Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1899–1997)|Prince Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten]] (1899–1997).
On 19 January 1945, the residents of the castle, along with the staff under the leadership of Prince Alexander, set out westward, totalling 330 people, 140 horses, and 38 wagons. They also took along 31 valuable Trakehner mares from their breeding program. The castle was looted, burned down and devastated upon the invasion by the [[Red Army]].<ref name=":dohna">{{cite book |last=Dohna-Schlobitten |first=Alexander |title="Erinnerungen eines alten Ostpreussen"|trans-title="Recollections of an old East Prussian" |language=German |publisher=Siedler |location=Berlin |year=1989 |isbn=3-8003-3115-2 |pages=196–201}}</ref>
===Schlobitten Palace: 1945 till modern times===
[[Image: Schlobitten Palace - panoramio.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Another view of the ruins today]]
[[Image: Słobity-pałac-ruina.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The castle ruins below a dark sky]]
When the southern part of East Prussia came under Polish administration after World War II, Schloss Schlobitten and its estate were confiscated. The palace was hit by another fire in 1949. Various ancillary buildings were demolished and from the main buildings only the walls remain. The palace ruins are in poor condition and deteriorating. Also, not much remains anymore of the landscape park.
A group of Polish architecture students has been committed to the rebuilding of the palace, but there are no concrete plans yet.
===Dohna-Schlobitten collection after the War===
Already in 1944, parts of the valuable art collection, consisting of numerous baroque furniture pieces and paintings, tapestries, and Delft faience, including a tobacco box adorned with diamonds belonging to Frederick the Great, had been evacuated to the west by the last owner, prince Alexander of Dohna, partly by train and partly with a refugee convoy, along with part of the associated stud farm.
The evacuated artworks were housed in various castles of related or friendly families, including [[Schloss Muskau]], but two-thirds of them fell victim to looting at the end of the war. Only the objects relocated to [[Schloss Laubach]] in [[Hesse]] were recovered by the Dohna family after the war. Parts of the collection seized in the [[East Germany]] were able to be returned to the inventory after [[German reunification]].
The wish of Prince Alexander of Dohna to exhibit the rescued art inventory of Schlobitten Castle as a whole, prompted him to offer the items returned to him by various East German museums to the [[Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg]] for purchase. The Foundation decided to take over the Dohna-Schlobitten collection in two tranches, in 1992 and 1999. It consists of over 1000 individual pieces, including 72 paintings, 35 pieces of furniture, over 200 porcelain and faience items, 48 glasses, over 600 objects made of precious and base metals, 250 individual craft items of various materials, and more than 500 textiles.
A part of the collection was housed in the [[Schloss Charlottenburg|Charlottenburg palace]] in [[Berlin]]. Since 2009, some of the rescued artworks from Schlobitten were on display at the [[Schönhausen Palace]]. However, many objects were stored in the foundation's depots. From 2023, the entire collection is exhibited in Schloss Doberlug in [[Doberlug-Kirchhain]], museum focused on on Central European noble culture. <ref{{cite web |url=https://www.museumsverbund-lkee.de/...014.5&ModID=7&FID=3014.49.1&NavID=3014.6&La=1 |title= Vom Feinsten. Preußische Adelsschätze in sächsischen Mauern |website= www.museumsverbund-lkee.de |language=de | access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>
==Architecture==
[[Image: Um 1800 - Architektur - Bd2 - Mebes 0093.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The palaces of Schlobitten and Finckenstein around 1908]]
The two-story main building was initially executed as a solid plastered structure with a basement in the Renaissance style, featuring dormers with three-tiered curved gables. In 1627, slightly separated from the main building, a single-story library building was added, along with an elongated gallery spanned by rib vaults.
A new construction in the Baroque style was commissioned from 1696 to 1736. Initially, the architect Jean Baptiste Broebes was responsible for the planning; he designed the layout of the castle complex and erected the east wing. From 1704 onwards, Johann Caspar Hindersin took over the leadership. He was assisted by the castle master builder Joachim Ludwig Schultheiß von Unfriedt as an expert advisor. For the interior design, Alexander was able to enlist the services of Joseph Anton Kraus, a student of [[Andreas Schlüter]] and a stucco artist, as well as the painter and fresco artist Giovanni Baptista Schannes, for several years. Kraus, possibly in collaboration with the stucco artist Johann Georg Pörtzel, designed the ballroom, the central section, the staircases, and the royal chambers.
====Gallery: A tour of the palace interior in the first half of the 20th century====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px" caption="">
File: Schlobitten Palace Hall.jpg | The Hall
File: Schlobitten Palace Royal Cabinet.jpg | Antechambre in the royal appartment
File:Friedrichstein Gartensaal looking South 1910.jpg | Cabinet in the royal appartment
File: Schlobitten Palace Royal Bedroom.jpg | Bedroom in the royal appartment
</gallery>
==Art collection ==
The art collection of the castle, of which considerable remnants are still preserved in the Dohna-Schlobitten collection to this day, consisted of 450 paintings, in addition to decorative furniture, carpets, household items, textiles, porcelain, and Dutch [[Faience|faience]]. It also included drawings, miniatures, and small sculptures such as portrait busts. Alongside a few [[Still life|Still lifes]] and biblical pieces, portraits from the 17th to the 19th century predominated in the collection, which largely survived the Second World War.
Particularly noteworthy are 22 portraits of members of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]], the Dutch royal family, and 31 images of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] from [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]] to Emperor [[Wilhelm II]]. The House of Orange was related to the Dohnas both by blood and politically, and through this connection, there was also a relationship to the Prussian royal family, the [[House of Hohenzollern]], who used Schlobitten as a stopover on their travels. However, not all these portraits have known artists. There are paintings in the style of [[Michiel van Mierevelt]], others could be from [[Jan de Baen]], as well as [[Gerard van Honthorst|Gerard]] and [[Willem van Honthorst]], and [[Antoine Pesne]] are included in the collection. Many paintings, however, are only replicas of well-known portraits from other princely collections.
In addition to the royal portraits, family portraits occupy a large space. A significant piece is a large-format family portrait by [[Johannes Mytens]] from 1644. Some of these paintings were later supplemented by other painters, usually after the birth of children, grandchildren, and nephews. At that time, there were itinerant painters who moved from castle to castle and carried out commissioned work for princes and the landed gentry. Their names are often preserved in signatures, also on the backs of the pictures, but their works are mostly not of high artistic quality. However, more significant artists could also be afforded by the Dohnas. These included, for example, [[Johann Friedrich August Tischbein]] in the 19th century and well-known Königsberg artists such as [[Johann Eduard Wolff]].
==Palace library==
[[Image: Schloss Schlobitten, Alte Bilbliothek, etwa 1915.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The palace library in 1915]]
Since 1627, there has been a library in Schlobitten, which, in addition to the Dohna archives, contained primarily first editions of well-known classical literature published since the 16th century; songbooks, travel literature, and Dutch novels that served as entertainment reading around 1700. But there were also works of political science and theological polemics from the time of religious conflicts after the Reformation in the library.
There were a few incunabula, among which the sermons of well-known theologians of the 15th century, such as Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg and Johannes de Bromyard, are noteworthy. From the 16th century, there were works by [[Erasmus]] of Rotterdam, a Bible dedicated by hand by [[Philipp Melanchthon]] from 1556, ten volumes of sermons by [[Martin Luther]] from 1555 to 1558, and an edition of [[Paracelsus]]' "Philosophia ad Athenienses" from 1564. A catalogue from 1858 lists over 55,000 volumes.
By the end of the 19th century, the collection had grown so significantly (prince Richard Wilhelm was an avid book collector) that the existing space needed to be expanded. Until then, the library had been housed in a 33-meter-long, six-meter-deep, and 4.30-meter-high room with a ribbed vault in the annex east of the main house, built during Abraham von Dohna's time. Now, rooms of the library were added to the corresponding annex on the west side of the castle.
==References==
<references />
==Literature==
* {{Cite book |last1=Sieber |first1=Helmut |title=Schlösser und Herrensitz in Ost- und Westpreussen – Nach alten Stichen und Zeichnungen |year=1958 |publisher=Wolfgang Weidlich |location=Frankfurt "*****" Main |pages=51-52 |language=de }}
* {{ Cite book |last3= Zu Dohna-Schlobitten |first3=Alexander |last1=Grommelt |first1=Carl |last2=Von Mertens |first2=Christine |title=Das Dohnasche Schloss Schlobitten in Ostpreussen |publisher=W. Kohlhammer |location=Stuttgart |year=1965 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book |last1=von Lorck |first1=Carl |title=Landschlösser und Gutshäuser in Ost- und Westpreußen |year=1965 |publisher=Weidlich |location=Frankfurt "*****" Main |pages=219,221 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gräfin Eulenburg |first1=Adelheid |last2=Engels |first2=Hans |title=Ostpreußische Gutshäuser in Polen: Gegenwart und Erinnerung |year=1992 |publisher=C.H. Beck Verlag |pages=136 |language=de |isbn= 978-3406367984 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Antoni |first1=Michael |title=Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler West- und Ostpreußen |year=1993 |publisher=Deutscher Kunstverlag |location=München |pages=560-561 |language=de |isbn=3-422-03025-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Heckmann |first1=Hermann |title=Baumeister des Barock und Rokoko in Brandenburg-Preussen |year=1998 |publisher=Verlag für Bauwesen |location=Berlin |pages=506 |isbn=3-345-00631-6 |language=de }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Garniec |first1=Mirosław |last2=Jackiewicz-Garniec |first2=Małgorzata |title=Schlösser und Gutshäuser im ehemaligen Ostpreussen |year=2001 |publisher=Arta |pages=400 |language=de |isbn=978-8391284032 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Woldt |editor-first1=Isabella |editor-last2=Zuchowski |editor-first2=Tadeusz J. |last1=Korduba |first1=Piotr |title=Im Schatten von Berlin und Warschau Adelssitze im Herzogtum Preußen und Nordpolen 1650-1850 |year=2010 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |location=Berlin |pages=187-204 |language=de |isbn=978-3496014102 }}
* {{ Cite book |last1=Zu Dohna-Schlobitten |first1=Alexander |title=Erinnerungen eines alten Ostpreußen |publisher=Rautenberg |location=Würzburg |year=2013 |pages=384 |language=de }}
* {{cite book |last1=Zu Dohna |first1=Lothar |date=2013 |title= Die Dohnas und ihre Häuser. Profil einer europäischen Familie – Band 2 |publisher=Wallstein |location=Göttingen |pages=701-715 |chapter=Schlobitten |isbn= 978-3835312371 |language=de }}
==External Links==
{{Commons|category: Palace in Słobity|Schloss Schlobitten/ Schlobitten Palace}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.zi.fotothek.org/VZ/ort_index/Schlobitten |title=Schlobitten – Colour slides of Schlobitten palace taken during World War II |website=www.zi.fotothek.org |language=de | access-date=28 April 2024}}
[[Category:Baroque palaces in Poland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:East Prussia]]
[[Category:Former palaces in Poland]]
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