Wyatt J Thompson: Published Complete Article
'''Saturn Electrostatic Discharges''' (also referred to as SEDs) are atmospheric lightning events in convective weather storms that produce high frequency (HF) radio emissions (1-40 MHz). Terrestrial lighting events on [[Earth]] in comparison occur in the very low frequency (VLF) radio band, between 3 Hz and 30 kHz. This makes SED signals at least 10,000 times stronger.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Fischer |first=G. |title=Overview of Saturn lightning observations |date=2011-11-21 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4919 |access-date=2024-05-08 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.1111.4919 |last2=Dyudina |first2=U. A. |last3=Kurth |first3=W. S. |last4=Gurnett |first4=D. A. |last5=Zarka |first5=P. |last6=Barry |first6=T. |last7=Delcroix |first7=M. |last8=Go |first8=C. |last9=Peach |first9=D.}}</ref> While first discovered by [[NASA]]'s Voyager 1 mission, the scientific community has gained further understanding through the following Voyager 2 and Cassini missions in conjunction with ground-based observation and data gathering methods.
== Voyager ==
Saturn Electrostatic discharges were first recorded by the [[Voyager 1]] mission as it passed near [[Saturn]] in November of 1980. The term was subsequently coined by Warwick et al in April of 1981 in the Journal Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 1 Near Saturn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warwick |first=J. W. |last2=Pearce |first2=J. B. |last3=Evans |first3=D. R. |last4=Carr |first4=T. D. |last5=Schauble |first5=J. J. |last6=Alexander |first6=J. K. |last7=Kaiser |first7=M. L. |last8=Desch |first8=M. D. |last9=Pedersen |first9=M. |last10=Lecacheux |first10=A. |last11=Daigne |first11=G. |last12=Boischot |first12=A. |last13=Barrow |first13=C. H. |date=1981-04-10 |title=Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 1 Near Saturn |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.212.4491.239 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=212 |issue=4491 |pages=239–243 |doi=10.1126/science.212.4491.239 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> It was initially uncertain whether these SEDs were associated with storms in the planet's atmosphere or if they were originating in its rings. Evans et al hypothesized that they originated from a satellite located within [[Rings of Saturn|Saturn's B Ring]], which was also the proposed reason for a narrow feature also found.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=D. R. |last2=Romig |first2=J. H. |last3=Hord |first3=C. W. |last4=Simmons |first4=K. E. |last5=Warwick |first5=J. W. |last6=Lane |first6=A. L. |date=1982-09 |title=The source of Saturn electrostatic discharges |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/299236a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=299 |issue=5880 |pages=236–237 |doi=10.1038/299236a0 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> This was rebutted in 1983 by Kaiser et al, who argued that the occultation caused by the planet lasted too long for SEDs to originate in the rings. <ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Sánchez-Lavega |first=Agustín |title=Moist Convective Storms on Saturn |date=2024-01-24 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.13294 |access-date=2024-05-08 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.2401.13294 |last2=Fischer |first2=Georg |last3=Li |first3=Cheng |last4=García-Melendo |first4=Enrique |last5=del Río-Gaztelurrutia |first5=Teresa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=M. L. |last2=Connerney |first2=J. E. P. |last3=Desch |first3=M. D. |date=1983-05 |title=Atmospheric storm explanation of saturnian electrostatic discharges |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/303050a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=303 |issue=5912 |pages=50–53 |doi=10.1038/303050a0 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
== Cassini ==
When the Cassini mission reached Saturn in 2004, SEDs and optical observations of storms were finally linked directly. This occurred when Cassini ISS imaged the [[Dragon Storm (astronomy)|Dragon Storm]], which was located by the SEDs it produced and then optically verified. It, along with other white storm clouds, were found to be brighter in conjunction with higher rates of SEDs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyudina |first=Ulyana A. |last2=Ingersoll |first2=Andrew P. |last3=Ewald |first3=Shawn P. |last4=Porco |first4=Carolyn C. |last5=Fischer |first5=Georg |last6=Kurth |first6=William |last7=Desch |first7=Michael |last8=Del Genio |first8=Anthony |last9=Barbara |first9=John |last10=Ferrier |first10=Joseph |date=2007-10-01 |title=Lightning storms on Saturn observed by Cassini ISS and RPWS during 2004–2006 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103507001613 |journal=Icarus |series=Deep Impact Mission to Comet 9P/Tempel 1, Part 2 |volume=190 |issue=2 |pages=545–555 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.035 |issn=0019-1035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=G. |last2=Gurnett |first2=D. A. |last3=Lecacheux |first3=A. |last4=Macher |first4=W. |last5=Kurth |first5=W. S. |date=2007-12 |title=Polarization measurements of Saturn Electrostatic Discharges with Cassini/RPWS below a frequency of 2 MHz |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JA012592 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=112 |issue=A12 |doi=10.1029/2007JA012592 |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> The Dragon Storm can range over 2,000 miles and is located at a planetocentric latitude of 35° south. This region of the planet is referred to as "storm alley" as all storm activity on Saturn was concentrated here in a 1.5° band from 2002 to 2010. <ref name=":1" />
It was also discovered during the Cassini mission that the SEDs could be detected over the horizon. Known as over-the-horizon events, the discovery of this phenomena was made possible by the previously mentioned combination of radio and optical observations. It is theorized that this occurs when SED radio waves are temporarily trapped under Saturn's ionosphere.
== Ground Based Observations ==
The first reliable ground-based detections of SEDs occurred in [[Ukraine]] in January/February of 2006. At this SED storm E was occurring and lasting approximately one month. The ground team was using the [[Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification|UTR-2]] radio telescope, and the data was combined with real time information from Cassini. These efforts were made easier by the high intensity of the SEDs occurring during the month-long SED storm E. The process was repeated in November of 2007 during the eight-month-long storm F and produced a high degree of coincidence between the UTR-2 and Cassini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zakharenko |first=V. |last2=Mylostna |first2=C. |last3=Konovalenko |first3=A. |last4=Zarka |first4=P. |last5=Fischer |first5=G. |last6=Grießmeier |first6=J. -M. |last7=Litvinenko |first7=G. |last8=Rucker |first8=H. |last9=Sidorchuk |first9=M. |last10=Ryabov |first10=B. |last11=Vavriv |first11=D. |last12=Ryabov |first12=V. |last13=Cecconi |first13=B. |last14=Coffre |first14=A. |last15=Denis |first15=L. |date=2012-02-01 |title=Ground-based and spacecraft observations of lightning activity on Saturn |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003206331100242X |journal=Planetary and Space Science |series=Surfaces, atmospheres and magnetospheres of the outer planets and their satellites and ring systems: Part VII |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.021 |issn=0032-0633}}</ref>
At this same time as storm E, amateur astronomers became engaged in observing Saturn's storms. Storm E, observed by Cassini, was the first long-lasting SED storm while Saturn was distant from [[solar conjunction]], making it high in the sky for ground-based observers. In the images captured by amateurs, the SED storms proved easily detectable, manifesting as bright white spots. <ref name=":0" />
== References ==
<references />
Okumaya devam et...
'''Saturn Electrostatic Discharges''' (also referred to as SEDs) are atmospheric lightning events in convective weather storms that produce high frequency (HF) radio emissions (1-40 MHz). Terrestrial lighting events on [[Earth]] in comparison occur in the very low frequency (VLF) radio band, between 3 Hz and 30 kHz. This makes SED signals at least 10,000 times stronger.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Fischer |first=G. |title=Overview of Saturn lightning observations |date=2011-11-21 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4919 |access-date=2024-05-08 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.1111.4919 |last2=Dyudina |first2=U. A. |last3=Kurth |first3=W. S. |last4=Gurnett |first4=D. A. |last5=Zarka |first5=P. |last6=Barry |first6=T. |last7=Delcroix |first7=M. |last8=Go |first8=C. |last9=Peach |first9=D.}}</ref> While first discovered by [[NASA]]'s Voyager 1 mission, the scientific community has gained further understanding through the following Voyager 2 and Cassini missions in conjunction with ground-based observation and data gathering methods.
== Voyager ==
Saturn Electrostatic discharges were first recorded by the [[Voyager 1]] mission as it passed near [[Saturn]] in November of 1980. The term was subsequently coined by Warwick et al in April of 1981 in the Journal Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 1 Near Saturn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warwick |first=J. W. |last2=Pearce |first2=J. B. |last3=Evans |first3=D. R. |last4=Carr |first4=T. D. |last5=Schauble |first5=J. J. |last6=Alexander |first6=J. K. |last7=Kaiser |first7=M. L. |last8=Desch |first8=M. D. |last9=Pedersen |first9=M. |last10=Lecacheux |first10=A. |last11=Daigne |first11=G. |last12=Boischot |first12=A. |last13=Barrow |first13=C. H. |date=1981-04-10 |title=Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 1 Near Saturn |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.212.4491.239 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=212 |issue=4491 |pages=239–243 |doi=10.1126/science.212.4491.239 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> It was initially uncertain whether these SEDs were associated with storms in the planet's atmosphere or if they were originating in its rings. Evans et al hypothesized that they originated from a satellite located within [[Rings of Saturn|Saturn's B Ring]], which was also the proposed reason for a narrow feature also found.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=D. R. |last2=Romig |first2=J. H. |last3=Hord |first3=C. W. |last4=Simmons |first4=K. E. |last5=Warwick |first5=J. W. |last6=Lane |first6=A. L. |date=1982-09 |title=The source of Saturn electrostatic discharges |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/299236a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=299 |issue=5880 |pages=236–237 |doi=10.1038/299236a0 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> This was rebutted in 1983 by Kaiser et al, who argued that the occultation caused by the planet lasted too long for SEDs to originate in the rings. <ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Sánchez-Lavega |first=Agustín |title=Moist Convective Storms on Saturn |date=2024-01-24 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.13294 |access-date=2024-05-08 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.2401.13294 |last2=Fischer |first2=Georg |last3=Li |first3=Cheng |last4=García-Melendo |first4=Enrique |last5=del Río-Gaztelurrutia |first5=Teresa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=M. L. |last2=Connerney |first2=J. E. P. |last3=Desch |first3=M. D. |date=1983-05 |title=Atmospheric storm explanation of saturnian electrostatic discharges |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/303050a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=303 |issue=5912 |pages=50–53 |doi=10.1038/303050a0 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
== Cassini ==
When the Cassini mission reached Saturn in 2004, SEDs and optical observations of storms were finally linked directly. This occurred when Cassini ISS imaged the [[Dragon Storm (astronomy)|Dragon Storm]], which was located by the SEDs it produced and then optically verified. It, along with other white storm clouds, were found to be brighter in conjunction with higher rates of SEDs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyudina |first=Ulyana A. |last2=Ingersoll |first2=Andrew P. |last3=Ewald |first3=Shawn P. |last4=Porco |first4=Carolyn C. |last5=Fischer |first5=Georg |last6=Kurth |first6=William |last7=Desch |first7=Michael |last8=Del Genio |first8=Anthony |last9=Barbara |first9=John |last10=Ferrier |first10=Joseph |date=2007-10-01 |title=Lightning storms on Saturn observed by Cassini ISS and RPWS during 2004–2006 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103507001613 |journal=Icarus |series=Deep Impact Mission to Comet 9P/Tempel 1, Part 2 |volume=190 |issue=2 |pages=545–555 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.035 |issn=0019-1035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=G. |last2=Gurnett |first2=D. A. |last3=Lecacheux |first3=A. |last4=Macher |first4=W. |last5=Kurth |first5=W. S. |date=2007-12 |title=Polarization measurements of Saturn Electrostatic Discharges with Cassini/RPWS below a frequency of 2 MHz |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JA012592 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=112 |issue=A12 |doi=10.1029/2007JA012592 |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> The Dragon Storm can range over 2,000 miles and is located at a planetocentric latitude of 35° south. This region of the planet is referred to as "storm alley" as all storm activity on Saturn was concentrated here in a 1.5° band from 2002 to 2010. <ref name=":1" />
It was also discovered during the Cassini mission that the SEDs could be detected over the horizon. Known as over-the-horizon events, the discovery of this phenomena was made possible by the previously mentioned combination of radio and optical observations. It is theorized that this occurs when SED radio waves are temporarily trapped under Saturn's ionosphere.
== Ground Based Observations ==
The first reliable ground-based detections of SEDs occurred in [[Ukraine]] in January/February of 2006. At this SED storm E was occurring and lasting approximately one month. The ground team was using the [[Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification|UTR-2]] radio telescope, and the data was combined with real time information from Cassini. These efforts were made easier by the high intensity of the SEDs occurring during the month-long SED storm E. The process was repeated in November of 2007 during the eight-month-long storm F and produced a high degree of coincidence between the UTR-2 and Cassini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zakharenko |first=V. |last2=Mylostna |first2=C. |last3=Konovalenko |first3=A. |last4=Zarka |first4=P. |last5=Fischer |first5=G. |last6=Grießmeier |first6=J. -M. |last7=Litvinenko |first7=G. |last8=Rucker |first8=H. |last9=Sidorchuk |first9=M. |last10=Ryabov |first10=B. |last11=Vavriv |first11=D. |last12=Ryabov |first12=V. |last13=Cecconi |first13=B. |last14=Coffre |first14=A. |last15=Denis |first15=L. |date=2012-02-01 |title=Ground-based and spacecraft observations of lightning activity on Saturn |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003206331100242X |journal=Planetary and Space Science |series=Surfaces, atmospheres and magnetospheres of the outer planets and their satellites and ring systems: Part VII |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.021 |issn=0032-0633}}</ref>
At this same time as storm E, amateur astronomers became engaged in observing Saturn's storms. Storm E, observed by Cassini, was the first long-lasting SED storm while Saturn was distant from [[solar conjunction]], making it high in the sky for ground-based observers. In the images captured by amateurs, the SED storms proved easily detectable, manifesting as bright white spots. <ref name=":0" />
== References ==
<references />
Okumaya devam et...