רמרום: typo
{{Short description|An social class in Late Ottoman and British Mandate Palestine}}
'''Rural Notables<u>,</u>''' as [[Individual|individuals]], or the '''rural notability''' as a [[collective]], was a [[social class]] of local [[Ayan (class)|notables]] (known in [[Arabic]] as ''a'yan-'', ''wujaha'-'', ''zu'ama- rifiyya, qarawiyya, mahaliyya'') in late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], with equivalent groups developing throughout the [[Levant]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |date=2012-09-17 |work=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400845842/html |access-date=2024-05-03 |publisher=Princeton University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781400845842/html |isbn=978-1-4008-4584-2}}</ref> Most rural notables originated in, and belonged to, the [[Fellah|fellahin]]/[[Peasant|peasantry]] class, forming a lower-echelon [[Land ownership|land-owning]] [[gentry]] in Palestine's post-[[Tanzimat]] [[Rural area|countryside]] and emergent [[Town|towns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landed Property and Elite Conflict in Ottoman Tulkarm |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/78442 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Institute for Palestine Studies |language=en}}</ref> Numerically, rural notables form the majority of Palestinian [[Elite|elites]], although certainly not the richest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Marom |date=2024-04 |title=The Palestinian Rural Notables’ Class in Ascendency: The Hannun Family of Tulkarm (Palestine) |url=https://www.academia.edu/118470248/...ENCY_THE_HANNUN_FAMILY_OF_TULKARM_PALESTINE_1 |journal=[[Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies]] |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=77–108 |doi=10.3366/hlps.2024.0327 |issn=2054-1988 |via=Academia}}</ref>
In contrast to urban elites traditionally made of city-dwelling [[Merchant|merchants]] (''tujjar''),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbar |first=Gad |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003177425/trade-enterprise-gad-gilbar |title=Trade and Enterprise: The Muslim Tujjar in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran, 1860-1914 |date=2022-10-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-17742-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781003177425/trade-enterprise-gad-gilbar}}</ref> clerics ('''[[Ulama|ulema]]''), [[Sharif|ashraf]], [[Soldier|military officers]], and governmental [[Official|functionaries]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |date=2006 |title=The "Politics of Notables" Forty Years After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23062629 |journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |issn=0026-3184}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cleveland |first=William L. |date=1989 |editor-last=Muslih |editor-first=Muhammad Y. |title=Politics of the Notables |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537348 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.2307/2537348 |issn=0377-919X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toledano |first=Ehud R. |title=Ehud R. Toledano, “The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites (1700-1800): A Framework for Research,” in I. Pappé and M. Ma’oz (eds.), Middle Eastern Politics and Ideas: A History from within, London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1997, 145-162 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4899678/Eh...New_York_Tauris_Academic_Studies_1997_145_162}}</ref> the rural notability was composed of rural [[Sheikh|sheikhs]], [[village]] or [[clan]] [[Mukhtar|mukhtars]]. Rural notables took advantage of exploited changing legal, administrative and political conditions, and [[Globalization|global economic realities]], to achieve socio-economic and political ascendancy using [[Household|households]], [[Marriage of state|marriage alliances]] and [[Patronage|networks of patronage]].<ref name=":0" /> Over all, they played a leading role in the development of modern Palestine into the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dynamics of Palestinian Elite Formation |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/40116 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Institute for Palestine Studies |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />
{{Stub}}
[[Category
alestine-related articles by quality]]
[[Categoryalestine (region)]]
[[Category:Social class by country]]
[[Category:Economic history by country]]
[[Category:Ottoman Palestine]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|An social class in Late Ottoman and British Mandate Palestine}}
'''Rural Notables<u>,</u>''' as [[Individual|individuals]], or the '''rural notability''' as a [[collective]], was a [[social class]] of local [[Ayan (class)|notables]] (known in [[Arabic]] as ''a'yan-'', ''wujaha'-'', ''zu'ama- rifiyya, qarawiyya, mahaliyya'') in late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], with equivalent groups developing throughout the [[Levant]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |date=2012-09-17 |work=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400845842/html |access-date=2024-05-03 |publisher=Princeton University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781400845842/html |isbn=978-1-4008-4584-2}}</ref> Most rural notables originated in, and belonged to, the [[Fellah|fellahin]]/[[Peasant|peasantry]] class, forming a lower-echelon [[Land ownership|land-owning]] [[gentry]] in Palestine's post-[[Tanzimat]] [[Rural area|countryside]] and emergent [[Town|towns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landed Property and Elite Conflict in Ottoman Tulkarm |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/78442 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Institute for Palestine Studies |language=en}}</ref> Numerically, rural notables form the majority of Palestinian [[Elite|elites]], although certainly not the richest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Marom |date=2024-04 |title=The Palestinian Rural Notables’ Class in Ascendency: The Hannun Family of Tulkarm (Palestine) |url=https://www.academia.edu/118470248/...ENCY_THE_HANNUN_FAMILY_OF_TULKARM_PALESTINE_1 |journal=[[Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies]] |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=77–108 |doi=10.3366/hlps.2024.0327 |issn=2054-1988 |via=Academia}}</ref>
In contrast to urban elites traditionally made of city-dwelling [[Merchant|merchants]] (''tujjar''),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbar |first=Gad |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003177425/trade-enterprise-gad-gilbar |title=Trade and Enterprise: The Muslim Tujjar in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran, 1860-1914 |date=2022-10-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-17742-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781003177425/trade-enterprise-gad-gilbar}}</ref> clerics ('''[[Ulama|ulema]]''), [[Sharif|ashraf]], [[Soldier|military officers]], and governmental [[Official|functionaries]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |date=2006 |title=The "Politics of Notables" Forty Years After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23062629 |journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |issn=0026-3184}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cleveland |first=William L. |date=1989 |editor-last=Muslih |editor-first=Muhammad Y. |title=Politics of the Notables |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537348 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.2307/2537348 |issn=0377-919X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toledano |first=Ehud R. |title=Ehud R. Toledano, “The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites (1700-1800): A Framework for Research,” in I. Pappé and M. Ma’oz (eds.), Middle Eastern Politics and Ideas: A History from within, London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1997, 145-162 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4899678/Eh...New_York_Tauris_Academic_Studies_1997_145_162}}</ref> the rural notability was composed of rural [[Sheikh|sheikhs]], [[village]] or [[clan]] [[Mukhtar|mukhtars]]. Rural notables took advantage of exploited changing legal, administrative and political conditions, and [[Globalization|global economic realities]], to achieve socio-economic and political ascendancy using [[Household|households]], [[Marriage of state|marriage alliances]] and [[Patronage|networks of patronage]].<ref name=":0" /> Over all, they played a leading role in the development of modern Palestine into the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dynamics of Palestinian Elite Formation |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/40116 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Institute for Palestine Studies |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />
{{Stub}}
[[Category
alestine-related articles by quality]][[Category
alestine (region)]][[Category:Social class by country]]
[[Category:Economic history by country]]
[[Category:Ottoman Palestine]]
Okumaya devam et...