Chinese
Okumaya devam et...
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| The Soviet regime performed mass arrests and deportations on people of Chinese descent. By the 1930s about 24,600 Chinese lived in the Russian Far East, and were targeted by Soviet policies that became increasingly repressive against diaspora nationalities, leading to deportation and exile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese in Peril in Russia: The "Millionka" in Vladivostok, 1930-1936 {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/chinese-peril-russia-the-millionka-vladivostok-1930-1936 |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> A major Chinese community in the Soviet Union was in [[Millionka]] in [[Vladivostok]]. In 1936 after the NKVD identified 12 Chinese who were claimed to be spies for Japan, 4,202 Chinese residents of Vladivostok were deported, and many others were arrested. The NKVD official responsible said that "As of today Big and Little 'Millionka' no longer exist".<ref name=":2" /> On 22 December 1937, [[Nikolay Yezhov|Nikolai Yezhov]] ordered the NKVD to “arrest all Chinese, regardless of their citizenship, who are engaged in provocative activities or have terrorist intentions.” Over the following year, 11,198 Chinese residents in the Russian Far East were exiled to other areas of the Soviet Union, such as Kazakhstan, or deported to China.<ref name=":2" /> | The Soviet regime performed mass arrests and deportations on people of Chinese descent. By the 1930s about 24,600 Chinese lived in the Russian Far East, and were targeted by Soviet policies that became increasingly repressive against diaspora nationalities, leading to deportation and exile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese in Peril in Russia: The "Millionka" in Vladivostok, 1930-1936 {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/chinese-peril-russia-the-millionka-vladivostok-1930-1936 |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> A major Chinese community in the Soviet Union was in [[Millionka]] in [[Vladivostok]]. In 1936 after the NKVD identified 12 Chinese who were claimed to be spies for Japan, 4,202 Chinese residents of Vladivostok were deported, and many others were arrested. The NKVD official responsible said that "As of today Big and Little 'Millionka' no longer exist".<ref name=":2" /> On 22 December 1937, [[Nikolay Yezhov|Nikolai Yezhov]] ordered the NKVD to “arrest all Chinese, regardless of their citizenship, who are engaged in provocative activities or have terrorist intentions.” Over the following year, 11,198 Chinese residents in the Russian Far East were exiled to other areas of the Soviet Union, such as Kazakhstan, or deported to China.<ref name=":2" /> |
| Then there is the issue of East Asians in Soviet intelligence serving from 1920 to 1945 in Soviet operations called Maki-Mirage, Dreamers, Shogun and Organizator. The Chinese and Korean deportations in 1937-38 and 1937 respectively were carried out to stop "the further penetration of Japanese espionage." The two East Asian groups were labelled as "not sufficiently Sovietized," potential fifth columnists, vectors of foreign influence and espionage and the Soviet xenophobia theory stating that the "ethnic cleansing was never racial and always ideological, that these deported peoples possessed or represented political ideologies inimical to Soviet socialism." If any or all of these facts are true, why the continued to use hundreds (over 300) from 1937 to 1945, East Asians in Soviet intelligence? <ref name=":94">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |title=East Asians in Soviet Intelligence: "The Naturals"--One Variant of the Soviet Illegal |url=https://www.academia.edu/117468144/...One_Variant_of_the_Soviet_Illegal|journal=The Intelligencer|volume=29 |number=1|pages=64, 64fn53, 65}}</ref> <ref name=":95">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |title=East Asians in Soviet Intelligence and the Chinese-Lenin School of the Russian Far East|url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/83536/1/9-1_03-Chang.pdf|journal=Eurasia Border Review |volume=9 |number=1|pages=41}}</ref> | Then there is the issue of East Asians in Soviet intelligence serving from 1920 to 1945 in Soviet operations called Maki-Mirage, Dreamers, Shogun and Organizator. The Chinese and Korean deportations in 1937-38 and 1937 respectively were carried out to stop "the further penetration of Japanese espionage." The two East Asian groups were labelled as "not sufficiently Sovietized," potential fifth columnists, vectors of foreign influence and espionage and the Soviet xenophobia theory stating that the "ethnic cleansing was never racial and always ideological, that these deported peoples possessed or represented political ideologies inimical to Soviet socialism." If any or all of these facts are true, why the continued to use hundreds (over 300) from 1937 to 1945, East Asians in Soviet intelligence? <ref name=":94">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |title=East Asians in Soviet Intelligence: "The Naturals"--One Variant of the Soviet Illegal |url=https://www.academia.edu/117468144/...One_Variant_of_the_Soviet_Illegal|journal=The Intelligencer|volume=29 |number=1|pages=64, 64fn53, 65}}</ref> <ref name=":95">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |title=East Asians in Soviet Intelligence and the Chinese-Lenin School of the Russian Far East|url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/83536/1/9-1_03-Chang.pdf|journal=Eurasia Border Review |volume=9 |number=1|pages=41}}</ref> The use of the "deported peoples" to defend the country in Soviet intelligence operations, the same people labelled as traitorous makes no sense unless we understand that the USSR was deeply hypocritical, racial hierarchies and racism were deeply ingrained and practiced socialism only in its propaganda. In reality, it was simply a totalitarian-- an authoritarian state which tried to control all forms of thought and identities (class, occupational, gender, racial/ethnic, political). |
| ===Kalmyks=== | ===Kalmyks=== |
Okumaya devam et...