Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt: primary source
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| === Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt === | === Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt === |
| In his 26 September 1947 speech at the Constituent Assembly calling for his [[vote of no confidence]] in the [[fourth De Gasperi government]], Togliatti said: "Our goal is the creation in our country of a free and equal society, in which there is no exploitation by men of other men."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://viaggi.corriere.it/eventi/c...a-repubblica-frasi-2-giugno/?img=5|title=Buon 2 giugno, Festa della Repubblica italiana: frasi celebri e aforismi|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=1 June 2021|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> In 1948, Togliatti led the PCI in the first democratic election after [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798374,00.html|url-status=dead|title=How to Hang On|magazine=Time|date=19 April 1948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013082...article/0,9171,798374,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> The [[1948 Italian general election]] resulted in a loss to [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (''Democrazia Cristiana'', DC) after a highly confrontational campaign in which the United States, viewing him as a [[Cold War]] enemy, played a large part.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798522,00.html|url-status=dead|title=The Battle Continues|magazine=Time|date=3 May 1948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013082...article/0,9171,798522,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Allied with the PSI in the [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Silverstri|first=Fabio|date=April 2008|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_17701_l1.htm|title=Quel Fronte poco popolare|magazine=30 Giorni|language=it|issue=4|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> the coalition achieved 31% of the votes,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mudambi|first1=Ram|last2=Navarra|first2=Pietro|last3=Sobbrio|first3=Giuseppe|date=2001|chapter=A History of the Italian Political System – 1913 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG7A6LtPOf4C|title=Rules, Choice and Strategy: The Political Economy of Italian Electoral Reform|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YG7A6LtPOf4C&pg=PA32 32]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=YG7A6LtPOf4C&pg=PA33 33]|isbn=978-1-7819-5082-1}}</ref> and the PCI returned 131 deputies to Parliament.<ref name="Britannica.com"/> Togliatti himself was elected to the country's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref name="Romeo 2021"/> | In his 26 September 1947 speech at the Constituent Assembly calling for his [[vote of no confidence]] in the [[fourth De Gasperi government]], Togliatti said: "Our goal is the creation in our country of a free and equal society, in which there is no exploitation by men of other men."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://viaggi.corriere.it/eventi/c...a-repubblica-frasi-2-giugno/?img=5|title=Buon 2 giugno, Festa della Repubblica italiana: frasi celebri e aforismi|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=1 June 2021|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> In 1948, Togliatti led the PCI in the first democratic election after [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798374,00.html|url-status=dead|title=How to Hang On|magazine=Time|date=19 April 1948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013082...article/0,9171,798374,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> The [[1948 Italian general election]] resulted in a loss to [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (''Democrazia Cristiana'', DC)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798522,00.html|url-status=dead|title=The Battle Continues|magazine=Time|date=3 May 1948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013082...article/0,9171,798522,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Allied with the PSI in the [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Silverstri|first=Fabio|date=April 2008|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_17701_l1.htm|title=Quel Fronte poco popolare|magazine=30 Giorni|language=it|issue=4|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> the coalition achieved 31% of the votes,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mudambi|first1=Ram|last2=Navarra|first2=Pietro|last3=Sobbrio|first3=Giuseppe|date=2001|chapter=A History of the Italian Political System – 1913 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG7A6LtPOf4C|title=Rules, Choice and Strategy: The Political Economy of Italian Electoral Reform|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YG7A6LtPOf4C&pg=PA32 32]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=YG7A6LtPOf4C&pg=PA33 33]|isbn=978-1-7819-5082-1}}</ref> and the PCI returned 131 deputies to Parliament.<ref name="Britannica.com"/> Togliatti himself was elected to the country's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref name="Romeo 2021"/> |
| On 14 July 1948, at about 11:40 "*****",<ref name="Messina 2018">{{cite news|last=Messina|first=Dino|date=14 July 2018|url=https://lanostrastoria.corriere.it/...sullorlo-della-guerra-civile/|title=Attentato a Togliatti. E l'Italia fu sull'orlo della guerra civile|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> Togliatti was shot three times,<ref>{{cite news|last=Mascellaro|first=Nicola|date=3 January 2014|url=http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/1947-1960/1948attentato/|url-status=dead|title=1948 – L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti|work=La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2014010...no.it/1947-1960/1948attentato/|archive-date=3 January 2014|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> being severely wounded by Antonio Pallante,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sciacca|first=Alfio|date=16 December 2009|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/09...ea22-11de-8d37-00144f02aabc.shtml|title=Sparò a Togliatti: 'In quegli anni era diverso, ora serve calma'|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Crisantino|first=Amelia|date=18 September 2019|url=https://www.lidentitadiclio.com/lattentato-a-palmiro-togliatti-70-anni-fa/|title=L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti, 70 anni fa. Colpito da tre colpi di pistola sparati fuori da Montecitorio da uno studente|website=L'identità di Clio|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> a [[neo-fascist]] student,<ref name="Britannica.com"/> who had strong [[anti-communist]] views and was a militant of the [[Common Man's Front]].<ref name="Messina 2018"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leccenews24.it/attualita/attentato-palmiro-togliatti.htm|title=L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti e l'ombra della guerra civile 'impedita' da Gino Bartali|website=LecceNews24|language=it|date=14 July 2022|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> Togliatti's life hung in the balance for days and news about his condition was uncertain, causing an acute political crisis in Italy,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.toscananovecento.it/custom_type/hanno-sparato-a-togliatti/|title='Hanno sparato a Togliatti!' Come Abbadia San Salvatore divenne uno dei luoghi simbolo del luglio 1948|website=Toscana Novecento|language=it|date=|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Van Westerhout|first=Giacomo|date=14 May 2018|url=https://www.frammentirivista.it/gin...-togliatti-storia-mito-e-leggenda/|title=Gino Bartali e l'attentato a Togliatti: storia, mito e leggenda|magazine=Frammenti Rivista|language=it|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2018/07/14/attentato-palmiro-togliatti-70-anni-fa/|title=La storia dell'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti|work=Il Post|language=it|date=14 July 2018|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> with civil war and insurrection implications,<ref name="Messina 2018"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Agostini|first=Gianluca|date=20 January 2016|url=https://www.store.rubbettinoeditore...-apparato-paramilitare-del-pci/|title='Gladio Rossa': l'apparato paramilitare del PCI|work=Il Corriere del Sud|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023|via=Rubbettino Editore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ferrario|first=Max|date=18 July 2018|url=https://www.store.rubbettinoeditore...a-sfiorato-il-golpe-18-07-2018/|title=Storia/ Attentato a Togliatti, così nel '48 l'esercito rosso ha sfiorato il golpe|work=Il Sussidiario|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023|via=Rubbettino Editore}}</ref> which included a general strike called by the [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2020/11/1948_Attentato-a-Togliatti.pdf|title=In difesa delle liberta' democratice sciopero generale in tutta Italia|work=Lavoro|language=it|date=14 July 1948|access-date=8 July 2023|via=Feltrinelli Foundation, November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887830,00.html|url-status=dead|title=Blood on the Cobblestones|magazine=Time|date=26 July 1948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013082...article/0,9171,887830,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> as well as portraits of Togliatti being brought in during the celebration of the [[storming of the Bastille]] and a telegram from Stalin. Upon regaining consciousness, Togliatti himself was instrumental in calling for calm and a return to normalcy; from his hospital bed, he reassured his comrades and tried to pacify spirits, averting the danger of an armed insurrection.<ref name="Rai Scuola 2021"/> He preferred the "Italian Road to Socialism" over a violent revolution, and rejected the concept of an internationally-directed movement in favour of one that was both democratically and nationally oriented.<ref name="Britannica.com"/> Historian Sergio Turone described it as "the most complete and most extensive general strike ever in the history of Italy".<ref>{{cite news|last=Romeo|first=Ilaria|date=14 July 2021|url=https://www.collettiva.it/rubriche/..._vile_attentato_a_togliatti-1306672/|title=Il vile attentato a Togliatti|work=Collettiva|language=it|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> In January 2023, it was publicly revealed that Pallante had died on 6 July 2022,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/e-morto-a...ro-a-togliatti_76vM3vEw0nYlFwZdUx16K7|title=E' morto Antonio Pallante, nel '48 sparò a Togliatti|language=it|agency=Adnkronos|date=2 January 2023|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> aged 98, and that he never regretted the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/persone...ogliatti_mai_pentito-7145185.html|title=Morto Antonio Pallante, tentò di uccidere Togliatti nel 1948. Aveva 98 anni, non si è mai pentito|work=Il Messaggero|language=it|date=2 January 2023|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> | On 14 July 1948, at about 11:40 "*****",<ref name="Messina 2018">{{cite news|last=Messina|first=Dino|date=14 July 2018|url=https://lanostrastoria.corriere.it/...sullorlo-della-guerra-civile/|title=Attentato a Togliatti. E l'Italia fu sull'orlo della guerra civile|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> Togliatti was shot three times,<ref>{{cite news|last=Mascellaro|first=Nicola|date=3 January 2014|url=http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/1947-1960/1948attentato/|url-status=dead|title=1948 – L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti|work=La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2014010...no.it/1947-1960/1948attentato/|archive-date=3 January 2014|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> being severely wounded by Antonio Pallante,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sciacca|first=Alfio|date=16 December 2009|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/09...ea22-11de-8d37-00144f02aabc.shtml|title=Sparò a Togliatti: 'In quegli anni era diverso, ora serve calma'|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Crisantino|first=Amelia|date=18 September 2019|url=https://www.lidentitadiclio.com/lattentato-a-palmiro-togliatti-70-anni-fa/|title=L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti, 70 anni fa. Colpito da tre colpi di pistola sparati fuori da Montecitorio da uno studente|website=L'identità di Clio|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> a [[neo-fascist]] student,<ref name="Britannica.com"/> who had strong [[anti-communist]] views and was a militant of the [[Common Man's Front]].<ref name="Messina 2018"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leccenews24.it/attualita/attentato-palmiro-togliatti.htm|title=L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti e l'ombra della guerra civile 'impedita' da Gino Bartali|website=LecceNews24|language=it|date=14 July 2022|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> Togliatti's life hung in the balance for days and news about his condition was uncertain, causing an acute political crisis in Italy,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.toscananovecento.it/custom_type/hanno-sparato-a-togliatti/|title='Hanno sparato a Togliatti!' Come Abbadia San Salvatore divenne uno dei luoghi simbolo del luglio 1948|website=Toscana Novecento|language=it|date=|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Van Westerhout|first=Giacomo|date=14 May 2018|url=https://www.frammentirivista.it/gin...-togliatti-storia-mito-e-leggenda/|title=Gino Bartali e l'attentato a Togliatti: storia, mito e leggenda|magazine=Frammenti Rivista|language=it|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2018/07/14/attentato-palmiro-togliatti-70-anni-fa/|title=La storia dell'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti|work=Il Post|language=it|date=14 July 2018|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> with civil war and insurrection implications,<ref name="Messina 2018"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Agostini|first=Gianluca|date=20 January 2016|url=https://www.store.rubbettinoeditore...-apparato-paramilitare-del-pci/|title='Gladio Rossa': l'apparato paramilitare del PCI|work=Il Corriere del Sud|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023|via=Rubbettino Editore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ferrario|first=Max|date=18 July 2018|url=https://www.store.rubbettinoeditore...a-sfiorato-il-golpe-18-07-2018/|title=Storia/ Attentato a Togliatti, così nel '48 l'esercito rosso ha sfiorato il golpe|work=Il Sussidiario|language=it|access-date=8 July 2023|via=Rubbettino Editore}}</ref> which included a general strike called by the [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2020/11/1948_Attentato-a-Togliatti.pdf|title=In difesa delle liberta' democratice sciopero generale in tutta Italia|work=Lavoro|language=it|date=14 July 1948|access-date=8 July 2023|via=Feltrinelli Foundation, November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887830,00.html|url-status=dead|title=Blood on the Cobblestones|magazine=Time|date=26 July 1948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013082...article/0,9171,887830,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> as well as portraits of Togliatti being brought in during the celebration of the [[storming of the Bastille]] and a telegram from Stalin. Upon regaining consciousness, Togliatti himself was instrumental in calling for calm and a return to normalcy; from his hospital bed, he reassured his comrades and tried to pacify spirits, averting the danger of an armed insurrection.<ref name="Rai Scuola 2021"/> He preferred the "Italian Road to Socialism" over a violent revolution, and rejected the concept of an internationally-directed movement in favour of one that was both democratically and nationally oriented.<ref name="Britannica.com"/> Historian Sergio Turone described it as "the most complete and most extensive general strike ever in the history of Italy".<ref>{{cite news|last=Romeo|first=Ilaria|date=14 July 2021|url=https://www.collettiva.it/rubriche/..._vile_attentato_a_togliatti-1306672/|title=Il vile attentato a Togliatti|work=Collettiva|language=it|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> In January 2023, it was publicly revealed that Pallante had died on 6 July 2022,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/e-morto-a...ro-a-togliatti_76vM3vEw0nYlFwZdUx16K7|title=E' morto Antonio Pallante, nel '48 sparò a Togliatti|language=it|agency=Adnkronos|date=2 January 2023|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> aged 98, and that he never regretted the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/persone...ogliatti_mai_pentito-7145185.html|title=Morto Antonio Pallante, tentò di uccidere Togliatti nel 1948. Aveva 98 anni, non si è mai pentito|work=Il Messaggero|language=it|date=2 January 2023|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> |
Okumaya devam et...