top: Every horsepower to kW conversion done by template was being forced into showing the same "1 kW" equivalence (regardless of the precise horsepower figure) due to the deliberately specified "0" parameter ( i.e. r=0); simply removing this last fixes this.
Okumaya devam et...
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| As engine power increased, frame ruptures became increasingly common, and by 1903 Minerva had developed an in-frame design with the engine mounted above the [[bottom bracket]], while still also offering the clip-on kit. From 1904 Minerva began focusing more on car production, and while development and production of the Minerva motorized bicycles continued through to about 1909, they became increasing a less significant part of the company.<ref name=minerva1 /> | As engine power increased, frame ruptures became increasingly common, and by 1903 Minerva had developed an in-frame design with the engine mounted above the [[bottom bracket]], while still also offering the clip-on kit. From 1904 Minerva began focusing more on car production, and while development and production of the Minerva motorized bicycles continued through to about 1909, they became increasing a less significant part of the company.<ref name=minerva1 /> |
| In England, the ''[[Phelon & Rayner 1.75 hp|Phelon & Rayner]]'' motorized bicycle was introduced in 1901, and was sold through 1903. The original ''Phelon & Rayner'' machine used a {{cvt|260|cc|cuin}}, {{convert|1.75|hp|kW PS|0}} gasoline engine mounted to a standard 28-inch bicycle frame. | In England, the ''[[Phelon & Rayner 1.75 hp|Phelon & Rayner]]'' motorized bicycle was introduced in 1901, and was sold through 1903. The original ''Phelon & Rayner'' machine used a {{cvt|260|cc|cuin}}, {{convert|1.75|hp|kW PS}} gasoline engine mounted to a standard 28-inch bicycle frame. |
| In the United States, the ''California Motor Company'' was formed in 1901 to sell complete gasoline-engine motorbikes in San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose.<ref>Rafferty, Tod, ''The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Motorcycles'', Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books, p. 22</ref> The company began with a 200 cc<ref>Rafferty, p. 22: Other sources state that the Marks engine in the ''California'' was only 90 cc in displacement, but a 1901-vintage 90 cc low-compression four-cycle engine running the 30-octane gasoline of the day was unlikely to generate 1.5 horsepower and 25 mph on the ''California'', which weighed some 75-80 pounds, not counting fuel, oil, and rider.</ref><ref name="Bill, L.H. 1902 pp. 197-198">Bill, L. H., ''The Poor Man's Automobile'', Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, Vol. 40, Issue No. 2 (August 1902), pp. 197-198</ref> single-cylinder, 1.5-horsepower, four-stroke engine designed by R.C. Marks. Mounted to a standard bicycle frame, the ''California'' could reach speeds of approximately 25 mph (40 km/h).<ref name="Bill, L.H. 1902 pp. 197-198"/><ref name="Rafferty, p.22">Rafferty, p. 22</ref> The ''California'' weighed around 75-80 pounds, and featured a leading-link front fork, a leather spring saddle, a front ''Duck'' [[Bicycle brake#Duck brake|roller brake]], and an ''Atherton'' rear [[Bicycle brake#Coaster brakes|coaster brake]].<ref name="Rafferty, p.22"/><ref name="Bill, pp. 197-198">Bill, pp. 197-198</ref><ref name="Wyman, George A. 1903 pp. 46, 48">Wyman, George A., ''Across America On A Motor Bicycle'', The Motorcycle, Issue 1, Volume 1, (June 1903), pp. 46, 48, 55</ref><ref>Mitchell, Leon, ''[http://users.senet.com.au/~mitchell/bikes/california/html/califspec.htm 1903 California Specifications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/2011030...~mitchell/bikes/california/html/califspec.htm |date=2011-03-01 }}'', Leon's Vintage Motorcycle Page, 1998-2002</ref> A leathern belt-drive directly connected the engine output shaft to the rear wheel.<ref name="Rafferty, p.22"/><ref name="Bill, pp. 197-198"/><ref name="Wyman, George A. 1903 pp. 46, 48"/> During the summer of 1903, [[George A. Wyman]] rode a {{cvt|200|cc|cuin}}, {{cvt|1.5|hp|kW PS|0}} ''California'' from San Francisco to New York City, becoming the first person to cross the North American continent aboard a motor vehicle.<ref>Rafferty, p. 22: Wyman's ''California'' was the very first motor vehicle to successfully cross the entire United States, making the journey in fifty-one days, from May 16, 1903 to July 6, 1903.</ref> | In the United States, the ''California Motor Company'' was formed in 1901 to sell complete gasoline-engine motorbikes in San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose.<ref>Rafferty, Tod, ''The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Motorcycles'', Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books, p. 22</ref> The company began with a 200 cc<ref>Rafferty, p. 22: Other sources state that the Marks engine in the ''California'' was only 90 cc in displacement, but a 1901-vintage 90 cc low-compression four-cycle engine running the 30-octane gasoline of the day was unlikely to generate 1.5 horsepower and 25 mph on the ''California'', which weighed some 75-80 pounds, not counting fuel, oil, and rider.</ref><ref name="Bill, L.H. 1902 pp. 197-198">Bill, L. H., ''The Poor Man's Automobile'', Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, Vol. 40, Issue No. 2 (August 1902), pp. 197-198</ref> single-cylinder, 1.5-horsepower, four-stroke engine designed by R.C. Marks. Mounted to a standard bicycle frame, the ''California'' could reach speeds of approximately 25 mph (40 km/h).<ref name="Bill, L.H. 1902 pp. 197-198"/><ref name="Rafferty, p.22">Rafferty, p. 22</ref> The ''California'' weighed around 75-80 pounds, and featured a leading-link front fork, a leather spring saddle, a front ''Duck'' [[Bicycle brake#Duck brake|roller brake]], and an ''Atherton'' rear [[Bicycle brake#Coaster brakes|coaster brake]].<ref name="Rafferty, p.22"/><ref name="Bill, pp. 197-198">Bill, pp. 197-198</ref><ref name="Wyman, George A. 1903 pp. 46, 48">Wyman, George A., ''Across America On A Motor Bicycle'', The Motorcycle, Issue 1, Volume 1, (June 1903), pp. 46, 48, 55</ref><ref>Mitchell, Leon, ''[http://users.senet.com.au/~mitchell/bikes/california/html/califspec.htm 1903 California Specifications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/2011030...~mitchell/bikes/california/html/califspec.htm |date=2011-03-01 }}'', Leon's Vintage Motorcycle Page, 1998-2002</ref> A leathern belt-drive directly connected the engine output shaft to the rear wheel.<ref name="Rafferty, p.22"/><ref name="Bill, pp. 197-198"/><ref name="Wyman, George A. 1903 pp. 46, 48"/> During the summer of 1903, [[George A. Wyman]] rode a {{cvt|200|cc|cuin}}, {{cvt|1.5|hp|kW PS}} ''California'' from San Francisco to New York City, becoming the first person to cross the North American continent aboard a motor vehicle.<ref>Rafferty, p. 22: Wyman's ''California'' was the very first motor vehicle to successfully cross the entire United States, making the journey in fifty-one days, from May 16, 1903 to July 6, 1903.</ref> |
| As early as 1903, motorized bicycles were being fitted with larger and heavier [[Step-through frame|loop frames]] designed to specifically accommodate larger displacement engines, which produced higher speeds. These new motorbike frame designs soon incorporated a new riding position that no longer centered the rider over the pedals, but instead moved the rider's feet forward, where they rested on pegs or platforms. The new riding position was designed to increase rider comfort and control when using the motor for propulsion, and soon owners began relying on the gasoline motor for all but emergency use. Front [[Bicycle suspension|suspension]] and (on some machines) rear suspension increased control at high speeds. By 1915, some manufacturers were omitting pedal propulsion entirely, resulting in the introduction of the first true modern motorcycle. | As early as 1903, motorized bicycles were being fitted with larger and heavier [[Step-through frame|loop frames]] designed to specifically accommodate larger displacement engines, which produced higher speeds. These new motorbike frame designs soon incorporated a new riding position that no longer centered the rider over the pedals, but instead moved the rider's feet forward, where they rested on pegs or platforms. The new riding position was designed to increase rider comfort and control when using the motor for propulsion, and soon owners began relying on the gasoline motor for all but emergency use. Front [[Bicycle suspension|suspension]] and (on some machines) rear suspension increased control at high speeds. By 1915, some manufacturers were omitting pedal propulsion entirely, resulting in the introduction of the first true modern motorcycle. |
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