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| ===Irda Copper Plate (Tamrapatra)=== | ===Irda Copper Plate (Tamrapatra)=== |
| The Irda Copper plate (''Irda Tamarapatra'') is another source on the Kamboja-Pala dynasty and was discovered in 1931.<ref>[[Epigraphia Indica]], XXII, 1933–34, pp 150–158, Dr N. G. Majumdar</ref> It is written in [[Sanskrit]] and has 49 lines of text in ancient Bengali [[writing system|script]]. The Vamsa or the tribal identity of the rulers mentioned in the Irda Copper Plate is specifically stated to be ''Kamboja-Vamsha-Tilaka'' (i.e. Ornament of the Kamboja family or Glory of the Kamboja tribe).{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Like the Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions, the Irda [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|Copper plate]] is also thought to belong to the second half of tenth century (Dr N. G. Majumdar, Dr R. C. Majumdar). Hence the academic community believes that the Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions and the Kambojavamshatilaka Paramasaugata Maharajadhiraja parameshvara paramabhattaraka Rajyapala of Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Irda Copper Plate Inscriptions refers to the same Kamboja family. But whereas the Dinajpur Pillar inscriptions refer just to one Kamboja ruler with the appellation of "Kambojanvaya Gaudapati", the Irda Copper plate, mentions generation after generation of the Kamboja-Pala kings of Bengal i.e. Rajyapala, Narayanapala and Nayapala etc. The Kamboja-Pala kings of the Irda Copper plate had ruled north-west Bengal in the tenth or eleventh century.<ref>Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 315, Dr J. L Kamboj; Ancient India, 1956, p 382-83, Dr R. K. Mukerjee, The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 208-210, S Kirpal Singh</ref> | The Irda Copper plate (''Irda Tamarapatra'') is another source on the Kamboja-Pala dynasty and was discovered in 1931.<ref>[[Epigraphia Indica]], XXII, 1933–34, pp 150–158, Dr N. G. Majumdar</ref> It is written in [[Sanskrit]] and has 49 lines of text in ancient Bengali [[writing system|script]]. The Vamsa or the tribal identity of the rulers mentioned in the Irda Copper Plate is specifically stated to be ''Kamboja-Vamsha-Tilaka'' (i.e. Ornament of the Kamboja family or Glory of the Kamboja tribe).{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Like the Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions, the Irda [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|Copper plate]] is also thought to belong to the second half of tenth century (Dr N. G. Majumdar, Dr R. C. Majumdar). Hence the academic community believes that the Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions and the Kambojavamshatilaka Paramasaugata Maharajadhiraja parameshvara paramabhattaraka Rajyapala of Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Irda Copper Plate Inscriptions refers to the same Kamboja family. But whereas the Dinajpur Pillar inscriptions refer just to one Kamboja ruler with the appellation of "Kambojanvaya Gaudapati", the Irda Copper plate, mentions generation after generation of the Kamboja-Pala kings of Bengal i.e. Rajyapala, Narayanapala and Nayapala etc. The Kamboja-Pala kings of the Irda Copper plate had ruled north-west Bengal in the tenth or eleventh century.<ref>Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 315, Dr J. L Kamboj; Ancient India, 1956, p 382–83, Dr R. K. Mukerjee, The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 208–210, S Kirpal Singh</ref> |
| ===Bangar Grant of Mahipala I=== | ===Bangar Grant of Mahipala I=== |
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| ==Extent of Kamboja Empire== | ==Extent of Kamboja Empire== |
| No definite information is available on the precise geographical area of the Kamboja-Pala kingdom of Bengal. According to Irda Copper plate evidence, the Kamboja-Pala kingdom definitely comprised ''Varadhmana-Bhukti Mandala'' (modern Burdman division) and ''Dandabhukti Mandala'' within the Kamboja empire. The Dandabhukti division is believed to have comprised southern and south-western parts of [[Midnapore district]] as well as the lower parts of river Suvaranrekha in district [[Balasore]]. Evidence from Dinajpore Pillar Inscription attests that the Gauda country also formed parts of Kamboja-Pala kingdom. But as long as we do not include northern Ladha (Radha or W. Bengal) in Kamboja-Pala empire, the region does not constitute one viable political entity. Hence it appears likely that northern parts of Radha may also formed parts of Kamboja-Pala kingdom. Dr R. C. Majumdar says that Gauda and Radha both formed parts of Kamboja-Pala empire<ref>History of Ancient Bengal, 1971, p 127, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar – Bengal (India).</ref> During second half of the 10th century, the [[Chandela]] ruler [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] invaded the Pala kingdom. Vakpati, a courtier-poet, claims that he conquered Gauda and [[History of Mithila|Mithila]].<ref>History and Culture of Indian People, Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 85, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr R. C. Majumdar</ref> It is also stated that Chandela chief [[Dhanga]] of Jejabhukti, the successor of Yashovarman, had invaded Radha towards the end of the 10th century. As a consequence, the Kamboja power in the north Bengal received a severe jolt.<ref>Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 315, Dr J. L. Kamboj</ref> This political scenario enabled the Pala king Mahipala I to re-conquer Gauda from the Kambojas.<ref> Ancient India, 2003, p 651, Dr V. D. Mahajan</ref> The last king of the Kambojas was ''Dharamapala'' who continued to rule Dandabhukti in the first quarter of the 11th century.<ref>Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 315-16, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Decline of the Kingdom of Magadha, p 413, B. P. Sinha; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p 379-80, B. C. Sen etc</ref> The Kamboja ruler Dharamapala of Dandabhukti was defeated by the south Indian Emperor [[Rajendra Chola I]] who invaded Bengal and Bihar in the 11th century.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization von Sailendra Nath Sen p.281</ref> The Capital of the Kamboja Pala kingdom is stated to be ''Pryangu'' which has not been identified yet,<ref>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, VII, 619; History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 54, 1964, Dr. R. C. Majumdar and Dr A. D. Pusalkar</ref> though some scholars tend to identify the same with an old village known as Pingvani located in Garvet Thana.<ref>Epigraphia Indiaca, Vol XXIV, p 46, Dr J. C. Ghosh; quoted by Dr J. L. Kamboj in Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country. 1981, p 334.</ref> | No definite information is available on the precise geographical area of the Kamboja-Pala kingdom of Bengal. According to Irda Copper plate evidence, the Kamboja-Pala kingdom definitely comprised ''Varadhmana-Bhukti Mandala'' (modern Burdman division) and ''Dandabhukti Mandala'' within the Kamboja empire. The Dandabhukti division is believed to have comprised southern and south-western parts of [[Midnapore district]] as well as the lower parts of river Suvaranrekha in district [[Balasore]]. Evidence from Dinajpore Pillar Inscription attests that the Gauda country also formed parts of Kamboja-Pala kingdom. But as long as we do not include northern Ladha (Radha or W. Bengal) in Kamboja-Pala empire, the region does not constitute one viable political entity. Hence it appears likely that northern parts of Radha may also formed parts of Kamboja-Pala kingdom. Dr R. C. Majumdar says that Gauda and Radha both formed parts of Kamboja-Pala empire<ref>History of Ancient Bengal, 1971, p 127, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar – Bengal (India).</ref> During second half of the 10th century, the [[Chandela]] ruler [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] invaded the Pala kingdom. Vakpati, a courtier-poet, claims that he conquered Gauda and [[History of Mithila|Mithila]].<ref>History and Culture of Indian People, Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 85, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr R. C. Majumdar</ref> It is also stated that Chandela chief [[Dhanga]] of Jejabhukti, the successor of Yashovarman, had invaded Radha towards the end of the 10th century. As a consequence, the Kamboja power in the north Bengal received a severe jolt.<ref>Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 315, Dr J. L. Kamboj</ref> This political scenario enabled the Pala king Mahipala I to re-conquer Gauda from the Kambojas.<ref> Ancient India, 2003, p 651, Dr V. D. Mahajan</ref> The last king of the Kambojas was ''Dharamapala'' who continued to rule Dandabhukti in the first quarter of the 11th century.<ref>Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 315–16, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Decline of the Kingdom of Magadha, p 413, B. P. Sinha; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p 379–80, B. C. Sen etc</ref> The Kamboja ruler Dharamapala of Dandabhukti was defeated by the south Indian Emperor [[Rajendra Chola I]] who invaded Bengal and Bihar in the 11th century.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization von Sailendra Nath Sen p.281</ref> The Capital of the Kamboja Pala kingdom is stated to be ''Pryangu'' which has not been identified yet,<ref>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, VII, 619; History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 54, 1964, Dr. R. C. Majumdar and Dr A. D. Pusalkar</ref> though some scholars tend to identify the same with an old village known as Pingvani located in Garvet Thana.<ref>Epigraphia Indiaca, Vol XXIV, p 46, Dr J. C. Ghosh; quoted by Dr J. L. Kamboj in Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country. 1981, p 334.</ref> |
| ==Known Kamboja kings of Bengal== | ==Known Kamboja kings of Bengal== |
| We know the names of three Kamboja rulers of the Kamboja Pala family for sure viz. ''Rajyapala, Narayanapala and Nayapala''. The Charter (Copper Plate Inscription) was issued by Kamboja king Nayapala wherein he and his father are given the imperial titles like ''Parameshevara, Paramabhattacharya and Maharajadhiraja''. The Copper Plate Inscription also attests that the founder of the Kamboja Pala dynasty was king ''Rajyapala''. He has been referred to as '' Kambojavamshatilaka Paramasaugata Maharajadhiraja parameshvara paramabhattAraka-Rajyapala''. This proves that this line of kings belonged to the Kamboja [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]]. The second king is Narayanapala who was son of Rajayapala. Narayanapala was succeeded by his younger brother Nayapala, the author of the Irda Copper plate. Dr R. C. Majumdar states that the expression ''Kunjarghatavarshan'' of the Dinajpore Pillar Inscription indicates that Kunjarghatavarshan was personal name of ''Kambojanvaya Gaudapati'' of the Dinajpore Pillar Inscription. If this is so, then this Kambojanvaya Gaudapati is the fourth known Kamboja king of Kamboja dynasty of Bengal. Some scholars however believe that the Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of the Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions is same as Kambojavamshatilaka Rajyapala of the Irda Copper plate. This does not seem to be true since Rajyapala of the Irda Copper plate is described as [[worship|devotee]] of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] (''Parama-saugata'') whereas Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions claims in his own inscription to be a Siva [[Bhakti|devotee]]. It may however be possible that Kambojanvaya Gaudapati is same as Kamboja king Nayapala of the Irda Copper plate since king Nayapala also claims to be a Saivite (Siva devotee) in the Irda Copper plate. The last known ruler of the Kamboja Pala dynasty is stated to be king ''Dharamapala'' who ruled in Dandabhukti in first quarter of the 11th century.<ref>Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal: Pre-Muhammadan Epochs, 1942, p 380, 383, Dr Benoychandra Sen – Bengal (India); Journal of the Varendra Research Museum, Vol.1–4 1972-1975/1976, p 109, Varendra Research Museum – Bangladesh; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 318, 316 etc; History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 54, 1964, Dr. R. C. Majumdar and Dr A. D. Pusalkar; Decline of the Kingdom of Magadha, p 413, B. P. Sinha; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p 379-80, B. C. Sen</ref> | We know the names of three Kamboja rulers of the Kamboja Pala family for sure viz. ''Rajyapala, Narayanapala and Nayapala''. The Charter (Copper Plate Inscription) was issued by Kamboja king Nayapala wherein he and his father are given the imperial titles like ''Parameshevara, Paramabhattacharya and Maharajadhiraja''. The Copper Plate Inscription also attests that the founder of the Kamboja Pala dynasty was king ''Rajyapala''. He has been referred to as '' Kambojavamshatilaka Paramasaugata Maharajadhiraja parameshvara paramabhattAraka-Rajyapala''. This proves that this line of kings belonged to the Kamboja [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]]. The second king is Narayanapala who was son of Rajayapala. Narayanapala was succeeded by his younger brother Nayapala, the author of the Irda Copper plate. Dr R. C. Majumdar states that the expression ''Kunjarghatavarshan'' of the Dinajpore Pillar Inscription indicates that Kunjarghatavarshan was personal name of ''Kambojanvaya Gaudapati'' of the Dinajpore Pillar Inscription. If this is so, then this Kambojanvaya Gaudapati is the fourth known Kamboja king of Kamboja dynasty of Bengal. Some scholars however believe that the Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of the Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions is same as Kambojavamshatilaka Rajyapala of the Irda Copper plate. This does not seem to be true since Rajyapala of the Irda Copper plate is described as [[worship|devotee]] of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] (''Parama-saugata'') whereas Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions claims in his own inscription to be a Siva [[Bhakti|devotee]]. It may however be possible that Kambojanvaya Gaudapati is same as Kamboja king Nayapala of the Irda Copper plate since king Nayapala also claims to be a Saivite (Siva devotee) in the Irda Copper plate. The last known ruler of the Kamboja Pala dynasty is stated to be king ''Dharamapala'' who ruled in Dandabhukti in first quarter of the 11th century.<ref>Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal: Pre-Muhammadan Epochs, 1942, p 380, 383, Dr Benoychandra Sen – Bengal (India); Journal of the Varendra Research Museum, Vol.1–4 1972-1975/1976, p 109, Varendra Research Museum – Bangladesh; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 318, 316 etc; History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 54, 1964, Dr. R. C. Majumdar and Dr A. D. Pusalkar; Decline of the Kingdom of Magadha, p 413, B. P. Sinha; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p 379–80, B. C. Sen</ref> |
| ==Religion of Kamboja rulers of Bengal== | ==Religion of Kamboja rulers of Bengal== |
| The ''Kambojanvaya Gaudapati'' of Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions is stated to be a builder of Siva temple and therefore was [[Bhakti|devotee]] of Siva. He is said to be a great bestower of the charities. ''Kambojavamsatilaka Rajayapala'', the first king of the Irda Copper plate is referred to as ''Parama-saugata'' (devotee of Buddha). The third ruler Narayanapala Kamboja is stated to be a devotee of god [[Vishnu]]. King Nayapala Kamboja, the author of Irda Copper plate is known to have practised Siva cult. There is no information on the Kamboja ruler Dharamapala, but it appears likely that he may have also been a [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] follower i.e. either Saivite or a Vishnu devotee. The Irda Copper plate has references to Hindu gods, high rising temple buildings as well as to the sacred smokes rising from the Yagya fires into the skies. This again alludes to the Hinduism of the Pala Kambojas. Irda Copper plate also makes special references to the Purohits, Kritivajyas, Dharmagyas and other holy officials. Thus we find that the Kamboja kings of Bengal were mostly Vedic Hindus, of course, with the exception of king Rajyapala. Mention is made of grants of lands and villages to the Purohits in the Burdwan district of east Bengal. According to Prof R. C. Majumdar: "More significant, however, is the inclusion of Purohits in the land grants of the Kamboja, [[Varman dynasty|Varman]] and [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings of Bengal. It indicates the great importance was attached to religious and social aspects of administration during rules of these dynasties which were all followers of orthodox Hinduism."<ref>(History of Bengal, Vol I., p 281, Dr R. C. Majumdar</ref> Dr B. N. Sen says that the Buddhism which had followers in the early Pala and Candra rulers was probably on the decline in Bengal during the 10th century. On the other hand, the Vedic religion was on the rise. Since the Kamboja Pala kings of Bengal were mostly Vedic Hindus, hence they must have "*****" full support from their subject which must have helped them raise a powerful empire in Bengal.<ref>Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p 378-79, B. C. Sen</ref> | The ''Kambojanvaya Gaudapati'' of Dinajpore Pillar Inscriptions is stated to be a builder of Siva temple and therefore was [[Bhakti|devotee]] of Siva. He is said to be a great bestower of the charities. ''Kambojavamsatilaka Rajayapala'', the first king of the Irda Copper plate is referred to as ''Parama-saugata'' (devotee of Buddha). The third ruler Narayanapala Kamboja is stated to be a devotee of god [[Vishnu]]. King Nayapala Kamboja, the author of Irda Copper plate is known to have practised Siva cult. There is no information on the Kamboja ruler Dharamapala, but it appears likely that he may have also been a [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] follower i.e. either Saivite or a Vishnu devotee. The Irda Copper plate has references to Hindu gods, high rising temple buildings as well as to the sacred smokes rising from the Yagya fires into the skies. This again alludes to the Hinduism of the Pala Kambojas. Irda Copper plate also makes special references to the Purohits, Kritivajyas, Dharmagyas and other holy officials. Thus we find that the Kamboja kings of Bengal were mostly Vedic Hindus, of course, with the exception of king Rajyapala. Mention is made of grants of lands and villages to the Purohits in the Burdwan district of east Bengal. According to Prof R. C. Majumdar: "More significant, however, is the inclusion of Purohits in the land grants of the Kamboja, [[Varman dynasty|Varman]] and [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings of Bengal. It indicates the great importance was attached to religious and social aspects of administration during rules of these dynasties which were all followers of orthodox Hinduism."<ref>(History of Bengal, Vol I., p 281, Dr R. C. Majumdar</ref> Dr B. N. Sen says that the Buddhism which had followers in the early Pala and Candra rulers was probably on the decline in Bengal during the 10th century. On the other hand, the Vedic religion was on the rise. Since the Kamboja Pala kings of Bengal were mostly Vedic Hindus, hence they must have "*****" full support from their subject which must have helped them raise a powerful empire in Bengal.<ref>Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p 378–79, B. C. Sen</ref> |
| ==Kambojas in caste system of Bengal== | ==Kambojas in caste system of Bengal== |
Okumaya devam et...