Generalissima: /* References */
'''James White''' (1762 – December 17, 1825) was an English engineer and inventor. Born in [[Cirencester]], he held an intense interest in mechanics at a young age. Moving to London in the 1780s, he created and patented various inventions, including a perpetual wedge machine and a model harbor crane. He moved to Paris in 1792, shortly following the [[French Revolution]], and continued work in designing industrial machinery. Inventions from his period in Paris include an [[Articulated vehicle|articulated]] barge, an early [[out-flow radial turbine]], an automatic wire nail-making machine, and a [[Hypocycloid|hypocycloidal]] [[straight-line mechanism]] presented at the 1801 [[Exposition des produits de l'industrie française]]. He returned to England following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and settled in the industrial center of Manchester. He published ''A New Century of Inventions'' in 1822, detailing over a hundred of his mechanisms from across his career. In late 1825, he died at his home in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], [[Manchester]].
==Biography==
James White was born in [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]] in 1762. No baptismal record exists of his birth, possibly indicating that his parents were [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformists]]. His interests in mechanics begun at a young age; he claimed to have invented a [[mousetrap]] around age eight, and that he "became a tolerable workman in all the mechanical branches long before the age at boys are apprenticed to any."{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=175}} Nothing is known of his education or whether he received an apprenticeship, although trade apprenticeships were limited in the mainly agrarian Cirencester.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=175}}
His first major invention, a "perpetual wedge machine" (a concentric wheel and axle with 100 and 99 teeth respectively) was produced in 1786. In 1788, while living in [[Holborn]], [[London]], he filed a patent for multiple devices. This included multiple mechanical devices he did not invent, such as the [[Chinese windlass]]. He received a 40 [[Guinea (coin)|guinea]] prize for submitting a model of a [[Crane (machine)|harbor crane]] design to the [[Society of Arts]]. In early 1792, he sent a letter from the [[Chevening]] estate in [[Kent]], possibly indicating his acquaintanceship with the scientifically-minded [[3rd Earl Stanhope]], whom he would later name his "noble Patron".{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=175}}
[[File:Exposition des produits de l'industrie française, dans la cour du Louvre, 1801.jpg|thumb|The 1801 [[Exposition des produits de l'industrie française]], held in the [[Louvre]] courtyard.]]
In 1792, he moved to [[Paris]], and resided along the Quai de Bethune on the [[Île Saint-Louis]]. It is unknown why White moved to France during the ongoing [[French Revolution]].{{sfn|White|1989|p=127}}{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=176}} He patented a "serpentine boat" in 1795, [[Articulated vehicle|articulating]] together a number of barges for transport in narrow or restrictive waterways, such as canals. He claimed to have invented a [[Micrometer (device)|micrometer]] design later attributed to [[Gaspard de Prony]], whom he showed the invention in 1796. He showcased a [[Hypocycloid|hypocycloidal]] [[straight-line mechanism]] at the 2nd [[Exposition des produits de l'industrie française]] in 1801, for which he received a medal from First Consul [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. The following year, bolstered by cross-Channel transmission of information during the [[Peace of Amiens]], [[Matthew Murray]] built a number of steam engines incorporating White's mechanism.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=176}}
In 1806, he invented a "horizontal waterwheel", taking the form of an [[out-flow radial turbine]], predating a similar turbine by [[Benoît Fourneyron]] in the late 1820s. It is unknown if the two are connected. In 1808, he patented single and double [[Gear#Helical|helical gears]], oriented at a 15° angle, described by a later biographer as "perhaps the invention on which he placed most store."{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|pp=176-177}} During the early 1810s, he took out a number of additional industrial patents in France, but was prevented from filing patents in Britain due to the outbreak of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. These inventions include an automatic nail-making machine (the first known device to produce [[Nail (fastener)#Wire|wire nails]]) and [[Snips|shears]] for cutting circular portions out of sheet iron.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=177}}
In 1815, following the [[Hundred Days]] and the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, White returned to England.{{sfn|White|1989|p=127}}{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=177}} Upon his return, he moved to [[Manchester]], then a major engineering and industrial center. In late 1815, he submitted a paper titled "On a new system of cog or toothed wheels" to the [[Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester]].{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|pp=177-178}} He published his main work, ''A New Century of Inventions'', in 1822, detailing over a hundred of his machines and mechanisms from across his career. This work proliferated widely, reaching over 600 subscribers across the United Kingdom.{{sfn|White|1989|p=127}}{{Sfn|Jeremy|1981|p=224}} He died at his residence in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], [[Manchester]] on December 17, 1825.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=178}}
==References==
===Citations===
<references />
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|title=Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White|journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]|first=Denis|last=Roegel|volume=38|issue=4|date=2016|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2016.46|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7763737}}
*{{cite journal|title=Early Epicyclic Reduction Gears|journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory|volume=24|issue=2|date=1989|first=G.|last=White|doi=10.1016/0094-114x(89)90020-7}}
*{{cite journal|first=G.|last=White|title=Epicyclic Gears Applied to Early Steam Engines|journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.1016/0094-114x(88)90006-7|date=1988}}
*{{cite journal|title=Technological Diffusion: The Case of the Differential Gear|first=D. J.|last=Jeremy|journal=Industrial Archaeology Review|volume=5|issue=3|date=1981|doi=10.1179/iar.1981.5.3.217}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Origin of the Differential Gear and its Connection with Equation Clocks|first=H.|last=von Bertele|journal=[[Transactions of the Newcomen Society]]|volume=30|issue=1|date=1955|doi=10.1179/tns.1955.011}}
*{{cite journal|title=James White and his “New Century of Inventions”|doi=10.1179/tns.1949.016|first=H.W.|last=Dickinson|journal=[[Transactions of the Newcomen Society]]|volume=27|issue=1|date=1951|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/tns.1949.016}}
{{refend}}
Okumaya devam et...
'''James White''' (1762 – December 17, 1825) was an English engineer and inventor. Born in [[Cirencester]], he held an intense interest in mechanics at a young age. Moving to London in the 1780s, he created and patented various inventions, including a perpetual wedge machine and a model harbor crane. He moved to Paris in 1792, shortly following the [[French Revolution]], and continued work in designing industrial machinery. Inventions from his period in Paris include an [[Articulated vehicle|articulated]] barge, an early [[out-flow radial turbine]], an automatic wire nail-making machine, and a [[Hypocycloid|hypocycloidal]] [[straight-line mechanism]] presented at the 1801 [[Exposition des produits de l'industrie française]]. He returned to England following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and settled in the industrial center of Manchester. He published ''A New Century of Inventions'' in 1822, detailing over a hundred of his mechanisms from across his career. In late 1825, he died at his home in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], [[Manchester]].
==Biography==
James White was born in [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]] in 1762. No baptismal record exists of his birth, possibly indicating that his parents were [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformists]]. His interests in mechanics begun at a young age; he claimed to have invented a [[mousetrap]] around age eight, and that he "became a tolerable workman in all the mechanical branches long before the age at boys are apprenticed to any."{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=175}} Nothing is known of his education or whether he received an apprenticeship, although trade apprenticeships were limited in the mainly agrarian Cirencester.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=175}}
His first major invention, a "perpetual wedge machine" (a concentric wheel and axle with 100 and 99 teeth respectively) was produced in 1786. In 1788, while living in [[Holborn]], [[London]], he filed a patent for multiple devices. This included multiple mechanical devices he did not invent, such as the [[Chinese windlass]]. He received a 40 [[Guinea (coin)|guinea]] prize for submitting a model of a [[Crane (machine)|harbor crane]] design to the [[Society of Arts]]. In early 1792, he sent a letter from the [[Chevening]] estate in [[Kent]], possibly indicating his acquaintanceship with the scientifically-minded [[3rd Earl Stanhope]], whom he would later name his "noble Patron".{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=175}}
[[File:Exposition des produits de l'industrie française, dans la cour du Louvre, 1801.jpg|thumb|The 1801 [[Exposition des produits de l'industrie française]], held in the [[Louvre]] courtyard.]]
In 1792, he moved to [[Paris]], and resided along the Quai de Bethune on the [[Île Saint-Louis]]. It is unknown why White moved to France during the ongoing [[French Revolution]].{{sfn|White|1989|p=127}}{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=176}} He patented a "serpentine boat" in 1795, [[Articulated vehicle|articulating]] together a number of barges for transport in narrow or restrictive waterways, such as canals. He claimed to have invented a [[Micrometer (device)|micrometer]] design later attributed to [[Gaspard de Prony]], whom he showed the invention in 1796. He showcased a [[Hypocycloid|hypocycloidal]] [[straight-line mechanism]] at the 2nd [[Exposition des produits de l'industrie française]] in 1801, for which he received a medal from First Consul [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. The following year, bolstered by cross-Channel transmission of information during the [[Peace of Amiens]], [[Matthew Murray]] built a number of steam engines incorporating White's mechanism.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=176}}
In 1806, he invented a "horizontal waterwheel", taking the form of an [[out-flow radial turbine]], predating a similar turbine by [[Benoît Fourneyron]] in the late 1820s. It is unknown if the two are connected. In 1808, he patented single and double [[Gear#Helical|helical gears]], oriented at a 15° angle, described by a later biographer as "perhaps the invention on which he placed most store."{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|pp=176-177}} During the early 1810s, he took out a number of additional industrial patents in France, but was prevented from filing patents in Britain due to the outbreak of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. These inventions include an automatic nail-making machine (the first known device to produce [[Nail (fastener)#Wire|wire nails]]) and [[Snips|shears]] for cutting circular portions out of sheet iron.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=177}}
In 1815, following the [[Hundred Days]] and the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, White returned to England.{{sfn|White|1989|p=127}}{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=177}} Upon his return, he moved to [[Manchester]], then a major engineering and industrial center. In late 1815, he submitted a paper titled "On a new system of cog or toothed wheels" to the [[Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester]].{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|pp=177-178}} He published his main work, ''A New Century of Inventions'', in 1822, detailing over a hundred of his machines and mechanisms from across his career. This work proliferated widely, reaching over 600 subscribers across the United Kingdom.{{sfn|White|1989|p=127}}{{Sfn|Jeremy|1981|p=224}} He died at his residence in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], [[Manchester]] on December 17, 1825.{{sfn|Dickinson|1951|p=178}}
==References==
===Citations===
<references />
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|title=Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White|journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]|first=Denis|last=Roegel|volume=38|issue=4|date=2016|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2016.46|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7763737}}
*{{cite journal|title=Early Epicyclic Reduction Gears|journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory|volume=24|issue=2|date=1989|first=G.|last=White|doi=10.1016/0094-114x(89)90020-7}}
*{{cite journal|first=G.|last=White|title=Epicyclic Gears Applied to Early Steam Engines|journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.1016/0094-114x(88)90006-7|date=1988}}
*{{cite journal|title=Technological Diffusion: The Case of the Differential Gear|first=D. J.|last=Jeremy|journal=Industrial Archaeology Review|volume=5|issue=3|date=1981|doi=10.1179/iar.1981.5.3.217}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Origin of the Differential Gear and its Connection with Equation Clocks|first=H.|last=von Bertele|journal=[[Transactions of the Newcomen Society]]|volume=30|issue=1|date=1955|doi=10.1179/tns.1955.011}}
*{{cite journal|title=James White and his “New Century of Inventions”|doi=10.1179/tns.1949.016|first=H.W.|last=Dickinson|journal=[[Transactions of the Newcomen Society]]|volume=27|issue=1|date=1951|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/tns.1949.016}}
{{refend}}
Okumaya devam et...