Population history
Okumaya devam et...
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| Modern scholarly estimates of the 17th century population of the Iroquois have ranged from 5,500<ref name="Swanton">{{cite book |last1=Swanton |first1=John R. |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |date=1974 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |page=40 |edition=Fourth Reprint |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.49015002845759&seq=50}}</ref> to more than 100,000.{{sfn|Jones|2008|page=85}} When it comes to eye-witness estimates (that is, contemporary estimates) baron [[Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan|L. A. de Lahontan]] estimated the Iroquois population around year 1690 at 70,000 people (on average 14,000 in each of five tribes) and [[Marc Lescarbot]] estimated the Iroquois in 1605 at 8,000 warriors (that is around 40,000 people).<ref name=":1" /> [[John R. Swanton]] enumerated a total of 226 Iroquois villages and towns (but most were not occupied at the same time as the Iroquois moved villages every five to twenty years).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John R. |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/15440 |title=The Indian tribes of North America |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology |year=1952 |pages=34-39}}</ref>{{sfn|Jones|2008|page=14}} On the contrary [[Lewis H. Morgan]] in his 1851 book estimated the Iroquois population in year 1650 at 25,000 people, including 10,000 [[Seneca people|Seneca]], 5,000 [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], 4,000 [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]], 3,000 [[Oneida people|Oneida]] and 3,000 [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]].<ref name=":1" /> The Seneca were also estimated at 13,000 in year 1672 and 15,000 in year 1687.<ref name=":1" /> | Modern scholarly estimates of the 17th century population of the Iroquois have ranged from 5,500<ref name="Swanton">{{cite book |last1=Swanton |first1=John R. |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |date=1974 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |page=40 |edition=Fourth Reprint |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.49015002845759&seq=50}}</ref> to more than 100,000.{{sfn|Jones|2008|page=85}} When it comes to eye-witness estimates (that is, contemporary estimates) baron [[Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan|L. A. de Lahontan]] estimated the Iroquois population around year 1690 at 70,000 people (on average 14,000 in each of five tribes) and [[Marc Lescarbot]] estimated the Iroquois in 1605 at 8,000 warriors (that is around 40,000 people).<ref name=":1" /> [[John R. Swanton]] enumerated a total of 226 Iroquois villages and towns (but most were not occupied at the same time as the Iroquois moved villages every five to twenty years).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John R. |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/15440 |title=The Indian tribes of North America |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology |year=1952 |pages=34-39}}</ref>{{sfn|Jones|2008|page=14}} On the contrary [[Lewis H. Morgan]] in his 1851 book estimated the Iroquois population in year 1650 at 25,000 people, including 10,000 [[Seneca people|Seneca]], 5,000 [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], 4,000 [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]], 3,000 [[Oneida people|Oneida]] and 3,000 [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]].<ref name=":1" /> The Seneca were also estimated at 13,000 in year 1672 and 15,000 in year 1687.<ref name=":1" /> |
| 21st century estimates of the 17th century Iroquoian population have clustered around 20,000.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} That estimate applies to the period preceding the first known epidemics of [[Old World]] diseases impacting the Iroquois in the mid-17th century (however, [[Ludwik Krzywicki]] in his book mentions the first epidemic of smallpox as taking place only around year 1690<ref name=":1" />). After an archaeological investigation and dating of every known Iroquois village, Jones estimated the total pre-epidemic Iroquois population at 20,000 in 1620-1634. In the post-epidemic period from 1634-1660 he estimates the total Iroquois population at 8,000. The latter figure does not include the hundreds or thousands of people adopted into the Iroquois from conquered ethnic groups.{{sfn|Jones|2008|pages=iii-v, 84-86}} | 21st century estimates of the 17th century Iroquoian population have clustered around 20,000.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} That estimate applies to the period preceding the first known epidemics of [[Old World]] diseases impacting the Iroquois in the mid-17th century (however, [[Ludwik Krzywicki]] in his book mentions the first epidemic of smallpox as taking place only around or after year 1690<ref name=":1" />). After an archaeological investigation and dating of every known Iroquois village, Jones estimated the total pre-epidemic Iroquois population at 20,000 in 1620-1634. In the post-epidemic period from 1634-1660 he estimates the total Iroquois population at 8,000. The latter figure does not include the hundreds or thousands of people adopted into the Iroquois from conquered ethnic groups.{{sfn|Jones|2008|pages=iii-v, 84-86}} |
| In 1779 nearly 60 Iroquois towns and villages were destroyed by the [[Sullivan Expedition]]. Four thousand and five hundred Iroquois are estimated to have died and more than 5,000 fled to British Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Merely Overrun but Destroyed. The Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians, 1779 |url=https://storiesofthesusquehanna.blogs.bucknell.edu/stories-and-maps/}}</ref>{{sfn|Graymont|1972|p=220}}<ref name="Koehler2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Rhiannon |date=Fall 2018 |title=Hostile Nations: Quantifying the Destruction of the Sullivan-Clinton Genocide of 1779 |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=427–453 |doi=10.5250/amerindiquar.42.4.0427|s2cid=165519714 }}</ref> | In 1779 nearly 60 Iroquois towns and villages were destroyed by the [[Sullivan Expedition]]. Four thousand and five hundred Iroquois are estimated to have died and more than 5,000 fled to British Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Merely Overrun but Destroyed. The Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians, 1779 |url=https://storiesofthesusquehanna.blogs.bucknell.edu/stories-and-maps/}}</ref>{{sfn|Graymont|1972|p=220}}<ref name="Koehler2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler |first1=Rhiannon |date=Fall 2018 |title=Hostile Nations: Quantifying the Destruction of the Sullivan-Clinton Genocide of 1779 |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=427–453 |doi=10.5250/amerindiquar.42.4.0427|s2cid=165519714 }}</ref> |
Okumaya devam et...