Undid revision 1221639153 by WillTulkki (talk) -- inaccurate phrasing, not an improvement
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 03:07, 1 May 2024 |
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| * ''[[Ex parte Endo]]'' | * ''[[Ex parte Endo]]'' |
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| {{Discrimination sidebar|state=collapsed}}[[United States home front during World War II|During World War II]], the United States, by order of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], forcibly relocated and [[Internment|incarcerated]] at least 125,284 people of [[Japanese Americans|Japanese descent]] in 75 identified incarceration sites. The attack put the United States into to sections of the war, Europe and the Pacific. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States was in a non-compact agreement with other countries. The attack broke this agreement, changing alliances. Most of the prisoners lived on the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]], in [[#Terminology debate|concentration camps]]<!-- Please discuss and obtain consensus on the talk page before changing terminology; also see "Terminology debate" section below. --> in the [[Western United States|western interior of the country]]. Approximately two-thirds of the inmates were [[Citizenship in the United States|United States citizens]]. These actions were initiated by [[Executive Order 9066]] following [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]]'s [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. Like many Americans at the time, the architects of the removal policy failed to distinguish between Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans (who were legal citizens). Of the 127,000 Japanese Americans who were living in the [[continental United States]] at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, 112,000 resided on the West Coast. About 80,000 were ''[[Nisei]]'' (literal translation: 'second generation'; American-born Japanese with U.S. citizenship) and ''[[Sansei]]'' ('third generation', the children of Nisei). The rest were ''[[Issei]]'' ('first generation') immigrants born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship under U.S. law. | {{Discrimination sidebar|state=collapsed}}[[United States home front during World War II|During World War II]], the United States, by order of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], forcibly relocated and [[Internment|incarcerated]] at least 125,284 people of [[Japanese Americans|Japanese descent]] in 75 identified incarceration sites. Most lived on the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]], in [[#Terminology debate|concentration camps]]<!-- Please discuss and obtain consensus on the talk page before changing terminology; also see "Terminology debate" section below. --> in the [[Western United States|western interior of the country]]. Approximately two-thirds of the inmates were [[Citizenship in the United States|United States citizens]]. These actions were initiated by [[Executive Order 9066]] following [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]]'s [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. Like many Americans at the time, the architects of the removal policy failed to distinguish between Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans (who were legal citizens). Of the 127,000 Japanese Americans who were living in the [[continental United States]] at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, 112,000 resided on the West Coast. About 80,000 were ''[[Nisei]]'' (literal translation: 'second generation'; American-born Japanese with U.S. citizenship) and ''[[Sansei]]'' ('third generation', the children of Nisei). The rest were ''[[Issei]]'' ('first generation') immigrants born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship under U.S. law. |
| Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps based on local population concentrations and regional politics. More than 112,000 Japanese Americans who were living on the West Coast were incarcerated in camps which were located in its interior. Many were called assembly centers and were typically fairgrounds. Here people would be tagged based on how long they would be there before being relocated. In [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]] (which was under [[martial law]]), where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans comprised over one-third of the territory's population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were incarcerated. California defined anyone with {{Frac|1|16th}} or more Japanese lineage as a person who should be incarcerated. A key member of the Western Defense Command, Colonel [[Karl Bendetsen]], went so far as to say “I "*****" determined that if they have "[[One-drop rule|one drop]] of Japanese blood in them, they must go to camp."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Emmy E |title=Through The Eyes Of Innocents: Children Witness World War II |date=2001 |isbn=978-0813338682 |page=85}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] assisted the incarceration efforts by providing [[Microdata (statistics)|specific individual census data]] on Japanese Americans. The Bureau denied its role for decades despite scholarly evidence to the contrary, and its role became more widely acknowledged by 2007. In its 1944 decision ''[[Korematsu v. United States]]'', the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the constitutionality of the removals under the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. The Court limited its decision to the validity of the exclusion orders, avoiding the issue of the incarceration of U.S. citizens without due process, but ruled on the same day in ''[[Ex parte Endo]]'' that a loyal citizen could not be detained, which began their release. The day before the ''Korematsu'' and ''Endo'' rulings were made public, the exclusion orders were rescinded. Japanese Americans were initially barred from military service, but by 1943, they were allowed to join, with 20,000 serving during the war. Over 4,000 students were allowed to leave the camps to attend college. Hospitals in the camps recorded 5,981 births and 1,862 deaths during incarceration. At the time, Japanese incarceration was intended to mitigate a security risk which Japanese Americans were believed to pose. The scale of the incarceration in proportion to the size of the Japanese American population far surpassed similar measures undertaken against [[Internment of German Americans|German]] and [[Internment of Italian Americans|Italian Americans]] who numbered in the millions and of whom some thousands were interned, most of these non-citizens. | Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps based on local population concentrations and regional politics. More than 112,000 Japanese Americans who were living on the West Coast were incarcerated in camps which were located in its interior. In [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]] (which was under [[martial law]]), where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans comprised over one-third of the territory's population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were incarcerated. California defined anyone with {{Frac|1|16th}} or more Japanese lineage as a person who should be incarcerated. A key member of the Western Defense Command, Colonel [[Karl Bendetsen]], went so far as to say “I "*****" determined that if they have "[[One-drop rule|one drop]] of Japanese blood in them, they must go to camp."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Emmy E |title=Through The Eyes Of Innocents: Children Witness World War II |date=2001 |isbn=978-0813338682 |page=85}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] assisted the incarceration efforts by providing [[Microdata (statistics)|specific individual census data]] on Japanese Americans. The Bureau denied its role for decades despite scholarly evidence to the contrary, and its role became more widely acknowledged by 2007. In its 1944 decision ''[[Korematsu v. United States]]'', the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the constitutionality of the removals under the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. The Court limited its decision to the validity of the exclusion orders, avoiding the issue of the incarceration of U.S. citizens without due process, but ruled on the same day in ''[[Ex parte Endo]]'' that a loyal citizen could not be detained, which began their release. The day before the ''Korematsu'' and ''Endo'' rulings were made public, the exclusion orders were rescinded. Japanese Americans were initially barred from military service, but by 1943, they were allowed to join, with 20,000 serving during the war. Over 4,000 students were allowed to leave the camps to attend college. Hospitals in the camps recorded 5,981 births and 1,862 deaths during incarceration. At the time, Japanese incarceration was intended to mitigate a security risk which Japanese Americans were believed to pose. The scale of the incarceration in proportion to the size of the Japanese American population far surpassed similar measures undertaken against [[Internment of German Americans|German]] and [[Internment of Italian Americans|Italian Americans]] who numbered in the millions and of whom some thousands were interned, most of these non-citizens. |
| In the two months after the Pearl Harbor attack, there was little indication of a public groundswell for incarceration. A survey of the Office of Facts and Figures on February 4 (two weeks prior to the president's order) reported that a majority of Americans expressed satisfaction with existing governmental controls on Japanese Americans. Moreover, in his autobiography in 1962, Attorney General [[Francis Biddle]], who opposed incarceration, downplayed the influence of public opinion in prompting the president's decision. He even considered it doubtful "whether, political and special group press aside, public opinion even on the West Coast supported evacuation."<ref>{{cite book | last=Beito | first=David T. | title=The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance | edition=First | pages=172| location=Oakland | publisher=Independent Institute | year=2023 | isbn=978-1598133561}}</ref> Support for harsher measures toward Japanese Americans increased over time, however, in part since Roosevelt did little to use his office to calm attitudes. According to a March 1942 poll conducted by the [[American Institute of Public Opinion]], after incarceration was becoming inevitable, 93% of Americans supported the relocation of Japanese non-citizens from the [[Pacific Coast]] while only 1% opposed it. According to the same poll, 59% supported the relocation of Japanese people who were born in the country and were United States citizens, while 25% opposed it. | In the two months after the Pearl Harbor attack, there was little indication of a public groundswell for incarceration. A survey of the Office of Facts and Figures on February 4 (two weeks prior to the president's order) reported that a majority of Americans expressed satisfaction with existing governmental controls on Japanese Americans. Moreover, in his autobiography in 1962, Attorney General [[Francis Biddle]], who opposed incarceration, downplayed the influence of public opinion in prompting the president's decision. He even considered it doubtful "whether, political and special group press aside, public opinion even on the West Coast supported evacuation."<ref>{{cite book | last=Beito | first=David T. | title=The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance | edition=First | pages=172| location=Oakland | publisher=Independent Institute | year=2023 | isbn=978-1598133561}}</ref> Support for harsher measures toward Japanese Americans increased over time, however, in part since Roosevelt did little to use his office to calm attitudes. According to a March 1942 poll conducted by the [[American Institute of Public Opinion]], after incarceration was becoming inevitable, 93% of Americans supported the relocation of Japanese non-citizens from the [[Pacific Coast]] while only 1% opposed it. According to the same poll, 59% supported the relocation of Japanese people who were born in the country and were United States citizens, while 25% opposed it. |
Okumaya devam et...