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| {{Infobox Bilateral relations|Germany–North Macedonia|Germany|North Macedonia}} | {{Infobox Bilateral relations|Germany–North Macedonia|Germany|North Macedonia}} |
| '''Germany–North Macedonia relations''' are the [[diplomatic relations]] between [[Germany]] and [[North Macedonia]]. The [[Federal Foreign Office|Foreign Office of Germany]] describes the relationship between Germany and North Macedonia as good. Both states are members of the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]. Germany is a member, North Macedonia is a candidate for accession to the [[European Union]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Nordmazedonien und Deutschland: Bilaterale Beziehungen |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/nordmazedonien-node/bilateral/207604 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Auswärtiges Amt |language=de}}</ref> | '''Germany–North Macedonia relations''' are the [[diplomatic relations]] between Germany and [[North Macedonia]]. The [[Federal Foreign Office|Foreign Office of Germany]] describes the relationship between Germany and North Macedonia as good. Both states are members of the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]. Germany is a member, North Macedonia is a candidate for accession to the European Union.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Nordmazedonien und Deutschland: Bilaterale Beziehungen |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/nordmazedonien-node/bilateral/207604 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Auswärtiges Amt |language=de}}</ref> |
| == History == | == History == |
| From the end of the [[14th century]], the territory of present-day North Macedonia belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. During the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683-1699), [[Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial troops]] were able to briefly capture [[Skopje]], but were unable to hold on permanently. With the [[Decline of the ottoman empire|decline of the Ottoman Empire]] in the [[19th century]], the great European powers and the [[Balkans|Balkan]] peoples striving for independence under Turkish rule began to concern themselves with the territorial reorganization of [[Southeast Europe|southeastern Europe]]. The "[[The Macedonian Question|Macedonian question]]" played an important role in this process. The problem became virulent with the Russian victory in the [[Russo-Ottoman War (1877-1878)|Russo-Ottoman War]] (1877-1878), which brought Russian troops within 60 kilometers of [[Istanbul]]. Since the major European powers were unwilling to accept Russia's major gain in influence, as recorded between the warring parties in the [[Treaty of San Stefano|Peace of San Stefano]], a European war was imminent. The German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] invited to the [[Congress of Berlin]] in order to settle the conflict peacefully. One result of this congress was that Macedonia remained part of the Ottoman Empire for the time being. This changed with the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912 and 1913, in which the Balkan states almost completely divided the European part of the Ottoman Empire among themselves. The [[First Balkan War]] ended with the [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] (1913), which divided Macedonia between [[Serbia]], [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]]. In addition to the other major European powers, the [[German Empire]] also acted as a mediator in the treaty negotiations. Shortly after the conclusion of the treaty, the [[Second Balkan War]] broke out, as Bulgaria was not satisfied with what had been achieved (especially with regard to the division of Macedonia). It was defeated by its neighbors, with the result that Serbia and Greece were able to annex large parts of Macedonia. | From the end of the 14th century, the territory of present-day North Macedonia belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. During the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683–1699), [[Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial troops]] were able to briefly capture [[Skopje]], but were unable to hold on permanently. With the [[Decline of the ottoman empire]] in the 19th century, the great European powers and the [[Balkans|Balkan]] peoples striving for independence under Turkish rule began to concern themselves with the territorial reorganization of [[Southeast Europe|southeastern Europe]]. The "[[The Macedonian Question|Macedonian question]]" played an important role in this process. The problem became virulent with the Russian victory in the [[Russo-Ottoman War (1877-1878)|Russo-Ottoman War]] (1877–1878), which brought Russian troops within 60 kilometers of [[Istanbul]]. Since the major European powers were unwilling to accept Russia's major gain in influence, as recorded between the warring parties in the [[Treaty of San Stefano|Peace of San Stefano]], a European war was imminent. The German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] invited to the [[Congress of Berlin]] to settle the conflict peacefully. One result of this congress was that Macedonia remained part of the Ottoman Empire for the time being. This changed with the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912 and 1913, in which the Balkan states almost completely divided the European part of the Ottoman Empire among themselves. The [[First Balkan War]] ended with the [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] (1913), which divided Macedonia between [[Serbia]], [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]]. In addition to the other major European powers, the [[German Empire]] also acted as a mediator in the treaty negotiations. Shortly after the conclusion of the treaty, the [[Second Balkan War]] broke out, as Bulgaria was not satisfied with what had been achieved (especially with regard to the division of Macedonia). It was defeated by its neighbors, with the result that Serbia and Greece were able to annex large parts of Macedonia. |
| Due to this defeat, Bulgaria turned to the [[Central Powers]] around Germany and fought alongside them in the [[World War I|First World War]]. Bulgaria's war aims were set out in the Treaty of Alliance between the German Empire and Bulgaria of September 6, 1915. A secret agreement, concluded in addition to the alliance treaty, contained territorial provisions for the enlargement of Bulgaria. In this treaty, the German Empire guaranteed Bulgaria, among other things, the acquisition and annexation of "[[Vardar Macedonia|Serbian Macedonia]]," which Bulgaria occupied between 1915 and 1918 and which subsequently reverted to Serbia and the newly formed [[Yugoslavia]]. With the defeat of the Central Powers, Bulgaria's hopes for territorial gains were dashed. On the contrary, the state had to cede further territories in the [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]]. During the interwar period, the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO), which had its base of operations in Bulgaria, fought massively against the inclusion of Vardar Macedonia in Yugoslavia. The [[Weimar Republic]], as the main revisionist power against the results of the war, appeared to it as a "natural ally" in this. Consequently, there were repeated contacts between the IMRO and German state agencies. However, the German side reacted reservedly to offers of cooperation, since although in principle the usefulness of a Macedonian [[Irredenta]] for German revisionist interests was seen, in the concrete situation German foreign policy did not want to stir up tensions in the Balkans and leave conflict management there to the victorious powers of World War I.<ref name=":1">Stefan Troebst: ''Das makedonische Jahrhundert''. Oldenbourg, Munich 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-486-58050-1}}</ref> In the political journalism and the interested German public of those years, the "Macedonian question" certainly played a role. The Macedonians' "struggle for freedom" was often romanticized and glorified. This solidarization was also related to the fact that one saw parallels to one's own fate, since many Germans, like the Macedonians, had to live under foreign rule as a consequence of the war.<ref name=":1" /> | Due to this defeat, Bulgaria turned to the [[Central Powers]] around Germany and fought alongside them in the [[First World War]]. Bulgaria's war aims were set out in the Treaty of Alliance between the German Empire and Bulgaria of September 6, 1915. A secret agreement, concluded in addition to the alliance treaty, contained territorial provisions for the enlargement of Bulgaria. In this treaty, the German Empire guaranteed Bulgaria, among other things, the acquisition and annexation of "[[Vardar Macedonia|Serbian Macedonia]]," which Bulgaria occupied between 1915 and 1918 and which subsequently reverted to Serbia and the newly formed [[Yugoslavia]]. With the defeat of the Central Powers, Bulgaria's hopes for territorial gains were dashed. On the contrary, the state had to cede further territories in the [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]]. During the interwar period, the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO), which had its base of operations in Bulgaria, fought massively against the inclusion of Vardar Macedonia in Yugoslavia. The [[Weimar Republic]], as the main revisionist power against the results of the war, appeared to it as a "natural ally" in this. Consequently, there were repeated contacts between the IMRO and German state agencies. However, the German side reacted reservedly to offers of cooperation, since although in principle the usefulness of a Macedonian [[Irredenta]] for German revisionist interests was seen, in the concrete situation German foreign policy did not want to stir up tensions in the Balkans and leave conflict management there to the victorious powers of World War I.<ref name=":1">Stefan Troebst: ''Das makedonische Jahrhundert''. Oldenbourg, Munich 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-486-58050-1}}</ref> In the political journalism and the interested German public of those years, the "Macedonian question" certainly played a role. The Macedonians' "struggle for freedom" was often romanticized and glorified. This solidarization was also related to the fact that one saw parallels to one's own fate, since many Germans, like the Macedonians, had to live under foreign rule as a consequence of the war.<ref name=":1" /> |
| In the [[World War II|Second World War]], a similar constellation as in the First appeared: Bulgaria joined the three-power pact led by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1941 and was allowed to occupy the east and the center of Serbian Macedonia after the breakup of Yugoslavia in the course of the [[Balkans campaign (World War II)|Balkan campaign]] in the same year. Unlike the Bulgarian motherland, the [[Jews]] in the occupied territories were not saved from the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. From occupied Macedonia 7100 [[Jews]], including 2000 children, were deported to the [[Treblinka extermination camp]]. Only 196 of them survived.<ref>Björn Opfer: ''Im Schatten des Krieges. Besatzung oder Anschluss. Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? Eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915–1918 und 1941–1944''. Lit-Verlag, Münster 2005, {{ISBN|3-8258-7997-6}}</ref> From the end of August 1944 Bulgaria withdrew from the occupied territories of Yugoslavia. After the conquest of Yugoslavia in 1941, western formerly Serbian Macedonia was annexed to the Italian, and since 1943 German, protectorate of [[Greater Albania]]. In the summer of 1944, the German Reich responded to the massive deterioration of its position in the Balkans by considering the creation of a formally independent Macedonian state. However, this [[Fuehrer Order|Führer order]] was not carried out in the face of the advancing [[Red Army]].<ref name=":1" /> In October 1944, German troops killed 80 unarmed inhabitants of the village of [[Radolišta]] (Ladorishti) in the [[Ladorisht Massacre]] in "retaliation" for previous partisan attacks. The withdrawal of German troops from Greece took place through Skopje (November 1944) and brought some destruction to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=massaker Liste von Ladorisht |url=http://pro-ladorisht.org/Lista-e-masakres.htm |access-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831035014/http://pro-ladorisht.org/Lista-e-masakres.htm |archive-date=2016-08-31 }}</ref> | In the [[Second World War]], a similar constellation as in the First appeared: Bulgaria joined the three-power pact led by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1941 and was allowed to occupy the east and the center of Serbian Macedonia after the breakup of Yugoslavia in the course of the [[Balkans campaign (World War II)|Balkan campaign]] in the same year. Unlike the Bulgarian motherland, the Jews in the occupied territories were not saved from the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. From occupied Macedonia 7100 Jews, including 2000 children, were deported to the [[Treblinka extermination camp]]. Only 196 of them survived.<ref>Björn Opfer: ''Im Schatten des Krieges. Besatzung oder Anschluss. Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? Eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915–1918 und 1941–1944''. Lit-Verlag, Münster 2005, {{ISBN|3-8258-7997-6}}</ref> From the end of August 1944 Bulgaria withdrew from the occupied territories of Yugoslavia. After the conquest of Yugoslavia in 1941, western formerly Serbian Macedonia was annexed to the Italian, and since 1943 German, protectorate of [[Greater Albania]]. In the summer of 1944, the German Reich responded to the massive deterioration of its position in the Balkans by considering the creation of a formally independent Macedonian state. However, this [[Fuehrer Order|Führer order]] was not carried out in the face of the advancing [[Red Army]].<ref name=":1" /> In October 1944, German troops killed 80 unarmed inhabitants of the village of [[Radolišta]] (Ladorishti) in the [[Ladorisht massacre]] in "retaliation" for previous partisan attacks. The withdrawal of German troops from Greece took place through Skopje (November 1944) and brought some destruction to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=massaker Liste von Ladorisht |url=http://pro-ladorisht.org/Lista-e-masakres.htm |access-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831035014/http://pro-ladorisht.org/Lista-e-masakres.htm |archive-date=2016-08-31 }}</ref> |
| After the Germans left, the area became part of Yugoslavia again as the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]. This [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] fell into a deadly crisis with the fall of [[communism]] in the late 1980s. While [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]] had already declared their independence in June 1991 and were recognized by Germany on their own in the same year, developments in Macedonia were slower. The independence referendum (with a positive outcome) took place in September 1991, but recognition by the states of the [[European Community]] proved difficult because of major disputes between the newly formed country and EC member [[Greece]] (see [[Macedonia naming dispute]]). This also put a strain on [[Germany–Greece relations|German-Greek relations]], as Germany argued for recognition of the Republic of Macedonia in order to stabilize the crisis region and provide the model for a peaceful exit from the disintegrating Yugoslavia. Despite massive Greek opposition, the German government recognized the country's independence in late 1993 and subsequently proved to be the most active supporter of the young state (for example, Germany provided the most development aid of any country and massively promoted trade and cultural relations).<ref>Albrecht A. Beck: ''Deutsches Konfliktmanagement im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. 1991-1998''. Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, Saarbrücken 2005, {{ISBN|978-3-8381-0137-8}}</ref> More recently, Germany assisted the Republic of Macedonia in dealing with refugee movements from [[Kosovo]] as a result of the [[Kosovo War]] (1999), as well as in containing the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|Albanian uprising in Macedonia in 2001]] or its sustainable resolution by constitutional and democratic means ([[Ohrid Agreement]]). | After the Germans left, the area became part of Yugoslavia again as the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]. This [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] fell into a deadly crisis with the fall of [[communism]] in the late 1980s. While [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]] had already declared their independence in June 1991 and were recognized by Germany on their own in the same year, developments in Macedonia were slower. The independence referendum (with a positive outcome) took place in September 1991, but recognition by the states of the [[European Community]] proved difficult because of major disputes between the newly formed country and EC member [[Greece]] (see [[Macedonia naming dispute]]). This also put a strain on [[Germany–Greece relations|German-Greek relations]], as Germany argued for recognition of the Republic of Macedonia to stabilize the crisis region and provide the model for a peaceful exit from the disintegrating Yugoslavia. Despite massive Greek opposition, the German government recognized the country's independence in late 1993 and subsequently proved to be the most active supporter of the young state (for example, Germany provided the most development aid of any country and massively promoted trade and cultural relations).<ref>Albrecht A. Beck: ''Deutsches Konfliktmanagement im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. 1991–1998''. Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, Saarbrücken 2005, {{ISBN|978-3-8381-0137-8}}</ref> More recently, Germany assisted the Republic of Macedonia in dealing with refugee movements from [[Kosovo]] as a result of the [[Kosovo War]] (1999), as well as in containing the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|Albanian uprising in Macedonia in 2001]] or its sustainable resolution by constitutional and democratic means ([[Ohrid Agreement]]). |
| == Migration == | == Migration == |
Okumaya devam et...