D'Annunzio and fascism: the
Okumaya devam et...
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| === D'Annunzio and fascism === | === D'Annunzio and fascism === |
| {{fascism sidebar|intellectuals}} | {{fascism sidebar|intellectuals}} |
| Although D'Annunzio initially briefly associated himself with the [[Historical Right]] and his political views often evolved, D'Annunzio later associated himself with [[Historical Far Left]], [[socialism]], and [[progressivism]].<ref name="Alosco 2020"/> D'Annunzio is also often seen within the context of [[proto-fascism]] as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of [[Italian fascism]]. His political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored a constitution with [[Alceste de Ambris]], a [[syndicalist]], the [[Charter of Carnaro]]. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. De Ambris was the leader of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then given their vessel to the service of D'Annunzio. The constitution established a [[corporatist]] state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy (workers, employers, and professionals), and a tenth (D'Annunzio's invention) to represent the perceived superior human beings, the heroes, poets, prophets, and supermen. The Charter of Carnaro also declared that music was the fundamental principle of the state.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Others disagree and cite his initial opposition to [[fascism]], as well as his influence on Italian socialists and [[anti-fascists]].<ref name="Alosco 2020"/> | Although D'Annunzio initially briefly associated himself with the [[Historical Right]] and his political views often evolved, D'Annunzio later associated himself with the [[Historical Far Left]], [[socialism]], and [[progressivism]].<ref name="Alosco 2020"/> D'Annunzio is also often seen within the context of [[proto-fascism]] as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of [[Italian fascism]]. His political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored a constitution with [[Alceste de Ambris]], a [[syndicalist]], the [[Charter of Carnaro]]. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. De Ambris was the leader of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then given their vessel to the service of D'Annunzio. The constitution established a [[corporatist]] state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy (workers, employers, and professionals), and a tenth (D'Annunzio's invention) to represent the perceived superior human beings, the heroes, poets, prophets, and supermen. The Charter of Carnaro also declared that music was the fundamental principle of the state.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Others disagree and cite his initial opposition to [[fascism]], as well as his influence on Italian socialists and [[anti-fascists]].<ref name="Alosco 2020"/> |
| D'Annunzio, the ''de facto'' dictator of Fiume, maintained control through what has been described as a "new and dangerously potent politics of spectacle".<ref name="Lowe">{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Brian |title=Moral Claims in the Age of Spectacles: Shaping the Social Imaginary |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137502414 |page=72}}</ref> It was this culture of dictatorship that [[Benito Mussolini]] imitated and learned from D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio has been described as the [[John the Baptist]] of Italian fascism,<ref name="Ledeen">{{cite book|last=Ledeen|first=Michael Arthur|title=D'Annunzio: the First Duce|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2001|edition=2, illustrated|chapter=''Preface''|isbn=9780765807427 }}</ref> as virtually the entire ritual of Fascism was invented by D'Annunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro.<ref name="Paxton">{{cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |author-link=Robert Paxton |title=[[The Anatomy of Fascism]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2005 |edition=reprint |series=Vintage Series |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism00paxt_0/page/59 59–60] |chapter=Taking Root |isbn=9781400040940 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism00paxt_0/page/59}}</ref> These included the balcony address, the [[Roman salute]], the cries of "Eia, eia, eia! [[Alala]]!" taken from [[Achilles]]'s cry in the ''[[Iliad]]'', the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new secular settings,<ref name="Ledeen"/> as well as blackshirted followers (the [[Arditi]]) with their disciplined, bestial responses and strongarm repression of dissent.<ref>''The United States and Italy'', H. Stuart Hughes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1953, pp. 76, 81–82.</ref> He was even said to have originated the practice of forcibly dosing opponents with large amounts of [[castor oil]], a very effective laxative, to humiliate, disable, or kill them, a practice that became a common tool of Mussolini's [[Blackshirts]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Cecil|url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html|url-status=dead|title=Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?|website=The Straight Dope|date=22 April 1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2008050...tdope.com/classics/a4_028.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Doody|first=Richard|date=11 May 2001|url=http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/|url-status=dead|title=Stati Libero di Fiume – Free State of Fiume|website=The World at War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308033039/http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/|archive-date=8 March 2009|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ruchala|first=Cali|date=2002|url=http://www.diacritica.com/degenerate/6/dannunzio7.html|url-status=dead|title='Superman, Supermidget': the Life of Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chapter Seven: The Opera|magazine=Degenerate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2005021.../degenerate/6/dannunzio7.html|archive-date=10 February 2005|access-date=11 July 2023|via=Diacritica}}</ref> | D'Annunzio, the ''de facto'' dictator of Fiume, maintained control through what has been described as a "new and dangerously potent politics of spectacle".<ref name="Lowe">{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Brian |title=Moral Claims in the Age of Spectacles: Shaping the Social Imaginary |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137502414 |page=72}}</ref> It was this culture of dictatorship that [[Benito Mussolini]] imitated and learned from D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio has been described as the [[John the Baptist]] of Italian fascism,<ref name="Ledeen">{{cite book|last=Ledeen|first=Michael Arthur|title=D'Annunzio: the First Duce|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2001|edition=2, illustrated|chapter=''Preface''|isbn=9780765807427 }}</ref> as virtually the entire ritual of Fascism was invented by D'Annunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro.<ref name="Paxton">{{cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |author-link=Robert Paxton |title=[[The Anatomy of Fascism]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2005 |edition=reprint |series=Vintage Series |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism00paxt_0/page/59 59–60] |chapter=Taking Root |isbn=9781400040940 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism00paxt_0/page/59}}</ref> These included the balcony address, the [[Roman salute]], the cries of "Eia, eia, eia! [[Alala]]!" taken from [[Achilles]]'s cry in the ''[[Iliad]]'', the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new secular settings,<ref name="Ledeen"/> as well as blackshirted followers (the [[Arditi]]) with their disciplined, bestial responses and strongarm repression of dissent.<ref>''The United States and Italy'', H. Stuart Hughes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1953, pp. 76, 81–82.</ref> He was even said to have originated the practice of forcibly dosing opponents with large amounts of [[castor oil]], a very effective laxative, to humiliate, disable, or kill them, a practice that became a common tool of Mussolini's [[Blackshirts]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Cecil|url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html|url-status=dead|title=Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?|website=The Straight Dope|date=22 April 1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2008050...tdope.com/classics/a4_028.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Doody|first=Richard|date=11 May 2001|url=http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/|url-status=dead|title=Stati Libero di Fiume – Free State of Fiume|website=The World at War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308033039/http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/|archive-date=8 March 2009|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ruchala|first=Cali|date=2002|url=http://www.diacritica.com/degenerate/6/dannunzio7.html|url-status=dead|title='Superman, Supermidget': the Life of Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chapter Seven: The Opera|magazine=Degenerate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2005021.../degenerate/6/dannunzio7.html|archive-date=10 February 2005|access-date=11 July 2023|via=Diacritica}}</ref> |
Okumaya devam et...