Reception and legacy: add gallery
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| == Reception and legacy == | == Reception and legacy == |
| {{Main|Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche}} | {{Main|Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche}} |
| [[File:Edvard Munch Friedrich Nietzsche Thielska 292.tif|thumb|Portrait of Nietzsche by [[Edvard Munch]], 1906, at the [[Thiel Gallery]], Stockholm]] | |
| [[File:Edvard Munch Friedrich Nietzsche Thielska 292.tif|thumb|Portrait of Nietzsche by [[Edvard Munch]], 1906]]Nietzsche's works did not reach a wide readership during his active writing career. However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic [[Georg Brandes]] aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the [[University of Copenhagen]]. In the years after Nietzsche's death in 1900, his works became better known, and readers have responded to them in complex and sometimes controversial ways.<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm |volume=19 |last=Schiller |first=Ferdinand Canning Scott |author-link=Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller |page=672}}</ref> Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater [[individualism]] and personality development in ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]'', but responded to them divergently. He had some following among left-wing Germans in the 1890s; in 1894–1895 German conservatives wanted to ban his work as [[subversive]]. During the late 19th century Nietzsche's ideas were [[Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche|commonly associated with anarchist movements]] and appear to have had influence within them, particularly in France, Germany,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miething |first=Dominique F. |url=http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845280127 |title=Anarchistische Deutungen der Philosophie Friedrich Nietzsches: Deutschland, Großbritannien, USA (1890–1947) |date=2016 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |isbn=978-3-8452-8012-7 |doi=10.5771/9783845280127}}</ref> Great Britain and the United States.<ref>Ewald, O. 1908. "German Philosophy in 1907." ''[[The Philosophical Review]]'' 17(4):400–426.</ref><ref>Riley, T. A. 1947. "Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay." ''[[Modern Language Association|PMLA]]'' 62(3):828–843.</ref><ref>Forth, C. E. 1993. "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891–1895." ''[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]'' 54(1):97–117.</ref> [[Gustav Landauer]] is credited with the most in-depth appreciation and critique of Nietzsche's ideas from an anarchist perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miething |first=Dominique |date=2016-04-02 |title=Overcoming the preachers of death: Gustav Landauer's reading of Friedrich Nietzsche |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17496977.2016.1140404 |journal=Intellectual History Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=285–304 |doi=10.1080/17496977.2016.1140404 |s2cid=170389740 |issn=1749-6977}}</ref> [[H.L. Mencken]] produced the first book on Nietzsche in English in 1907, ''[[The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche]]'', and in 1910 a book of translated paragraphs from Nietzsche, increasing knowledge of his philosophy in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mencken |first=H. L. |url=https://archive.org/details/gistnietzsche00mencgoog |title=The Gist of Nietzsche |location=Boston |publisher=J.W. Luce |year=1910}}</ref> Nietzsche is known today as a precursor to [[existentialism]], [[post-structuralism]] and [[Postmodern philosophy|postmodernism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Aylesworth |first=Gary |orig-date=2005 |date=2015 |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/#1 |title=Postmodernism |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]}}. §Precursors.</ref> | Nietzsche's works did not reach a wide readership during his active writing career. However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic [[Georg Brandes]] aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the [[University of Copenhagen]]. In the years after Nietzsche's death in 1900, his works became better known, and readers have responded to them in complex and sometimes controversial ways.<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm |volume=19 |last=Schiller |first=Ferdinand Canning Scott |author-link=Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller |page=672}}</ref> Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater [[individualism]] and personality development in ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]'', but responded to them divergently. He had some following among left-wing Germans in the 1890s; in 1894–1895 German conservatives wanted to ban his work as [[subversive]]. During the late 19th century Nietzsche's ideas were [[Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche|commonly associated with anarchist movements]] and appear to have had influence within them, particularly in France, Germany,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miething |first=Dominique F. |url=http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845280127 |title=Anarchistische Deutungen der Philosophie Friedrich Nietzsches: Deutschland, Großbritannien, USA (1890–1947) |date=2016 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |isbn=978-3-8452-8012-7 |doi=10.5771/9783845280127}}</ref> Great Britain and the United States.<ref>Ewald, O. 1908. "German Philosophy in 1907." ''[[The Philosophical Review]]'' 17(4):400–426.</ref><ref>Riley, T. A. 1947. "Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay." ''[[Modern Language Association|PMLA]]'' 62(3):828–843.</ref><ref>Forth, C. E. 1993. "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891–1895." ''[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]'' 54(1):97–117.</ref> [[Gustav Landauer]] is credited with the most in-depth appreciation and critique of Nietzsche's ideas from an anarchist perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miething |first=Dominique |date=2016-04-02 |title=Overcoming the preachers of death: Gustav Landauer's reading of Friedrich Nietzsche |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17496977.2016.1140404 |journal=Intellectual History Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=285–304 |doi=10.1080/17496977.2016.1140404 |s2cid=170389740 |issn=1749-6977}}</ref> [[H.L. Mencken]] produced the first book on Nietzsche in English in 1907, ''[[The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche]]'', and in 1910 a book of translated paragraphs from Nietzsche, increasing knowledge of his philosophy in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mencken |first=H. L. |url=https://archive.org/details/gistnietzsche00mencgoog |title=The Gist of Nietzsche |location=Boston |publisher=J.W. Luce |year=1910}}</ref> Nietzsche is known today as a precursor to [[existentialism]], [[post-structuralism]] and [[Postmodern philosophy|postmodernism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Aylesworth |first=Gary |orig-date=2005 |date=2015 |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/#1 |title=Postmodernism |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]}}. §Precursors.</ref> |
| [[W. B. Yeats]] and [[Arthur Symons]] described Nietzsche as the intellectual heir to [[William Blake]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Romantics of 1909: Arthur Symons, Pierre Lasserre and T.E. Hulme |first=Bénédicte |last=Coste |date=15 December 2016 |issn=1638-1718 |journal=E-rea |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/erea.5609 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symons went on to compare the ideas of the two thinkers in ''[[The Symbolist Movement in Literature]]'', while Yeats tried to raise awareness of Nietzsche in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Moderns |last=Everdell |first=William |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-22481-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226224817/page/508 508] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226224817/page/508}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.fathom.com/feature/61007/ |title=Joyce and Nietzsche |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612202020/http://www.fathom.com/feature/61007/ |archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9H1vjyOMswC&q=Arthur+Symons+Nietzsche&pg=PA231 |title=Nietzsche:Imagery and thoughts |isbn=978-0-520-03577-5 |last1=Pasley |first1=Malcolm |year=1978 |publisher=University of California Press |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> A similar notion was espoused by [[W. H. Auden]] who wrote of Nietzsche in his ''New Year Letter'' (released in 1941 in ''[[The Double Man (book)|The Double Man]]''): "O masterly [[debunker]] of our liberal fallacies ... all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dispatchesfromfr00forr |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dispatchesfromfr00forr/page/39 39] |quote=masterly debunker of our liberal fallacies. |title=Dispatches from the Freud Wars |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-53960-0 |last1=Forrester |first1=John |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/germanyasmodelmo0000argy |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/germanyasmodelmo0000argy/page/130 130] |quote=W.H. Auden Nietzsche. |title=Germany as model and monster: Allusions in English fiction |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-2351-7 |last1=Argyle |first1=Gisela |year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WokrAAAAYAAJ |title=The Double Man |first=Wystan Hugh |last=Auden |date=1 June 1979 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-21073-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Nietzsche made an impact on composers during the 1890s. Writer [[Donald Mitchell (writer)|Donald Mitchell]] noted that [[Gustav Mahler]] was "attracted to the poetic fire of Zarathustra, but repelled by the intellectual core of its writings". He also quoted Mahler himself, and adds that he was influenced by Nietzsche's conception and affirmative approach to nature, which Mahler presented in his [[Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)|Third Symphony]] using [[Zarathustra's roundelay]]. [[Frederick Delius]] produced a piece of choral music, ''[[A Mass of Life]]'', based on a text of ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'', while [[Richard Strauss]] (who also based his [[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|''Also sprach Zarathustra'']] on the same book), was only interested in finishing "another chapter of symphonic autobiography".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCq909vSpwC&q=Mahler+Nietzsche+influence&pg=PA99 |title=Gustav Mahler: The Early Years |first=Mitchell |last=Donald |isbn=978-0-520-04141-7 |year=1980 |publisher=University of California Press |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Writers and poets influenced by Nietzsche include [[André Gide]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holdheim |first=William W. |year=1957 |title=The Young Gide's Reaction to Nietzsche|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/jour...to-nietzsche/FFE35D5DC1DF62BF689A575434934BC1 |journal=PMLA |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=534–544 |doi=10.2307/460474 |jstor=460474 |s2cid=163634107 |issn=0030-8129}}</ref> [[August Strindberg]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Dahlkvist |first=Tobias |title=By the Open Sea – A Decadent Novel? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv47w3xd.13 |work=The International Strindberg |pages=195–214 |publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]] |doi=10.2307/j.ctv47w3xd.13 |isbn=978-0-8101-6629-5 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> [[Robinson Jeffers]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Frederic I. |year=1977 |title=Robinson Jeffers Today: Beyond Good and Beneath Evil |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925556 |journal=American Literature |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=86–96 |doi=10.2307/2925556 |jstor=2925556 |issn=0002-9831}}</ref> [[Pío Baroja]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=Katharine |date=27 May 2020 |title=Spanish Modernism in Context: Failed Heroism and Cross-Cultural Encounters in Pío Baroja and Joseph Conrad |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14753820.2020.1726630 |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=807–829 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2020.1726630|hdl=10871/39620 |s2cid=214389935 |issn=1475-3820 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[D.H. Lawrence]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colin |first=Milton |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/797149190 |title=Lawrence and Nietzsche : a study in influence |date=1987 |publisher=[[Aberdeen University Press]] |isbn=0-08-035067-4 |oclc=797149190}}</ref> [[Edith Södergran]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mier-Cruz |first=Benjamin|date=5 February 2021 |title=Edith Södergran's Genderqueer Modernism |journal=[[Humanities (journal)|Humanities]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=28 |doi=10.3390/h10010028 |issn=2076-0787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Yukio Mishima]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagenaar |first1=Dick |last2=Iwamoto |first2=Yoshio |year=1975 |title=Yukio Mishima: Dialectics of Mind and Body |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1207783 |journal=Contemporary Literature |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=41–60 |doi=10.2307/1207783 |jstor=1207783 |issn=0010-7484}}</ref> | [[W. B. Yeats]] and [[Arthur Symons]] described Nietzsche as the intellectual heir to [[William Blake]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Romantics of 1909: Arthur Symons, Pierre Lasserre and T.E. Hulme |first=Bénédicte |last=Coste |date=15 December 2016 |issn=1638-1718 |journal=E-rea |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/erea.5609 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symons went on to compare the ideas of the two thinkers in ''[[The Symbolist Movement in Literature]]'', while Yeats tried to raise awareness of Nietzsche in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Moderns |last=Everdell |first=William |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-22481-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226224817/page/508 508] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226224817/page/508}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.fathom.com/feature/61007/ |title=Joyce and Nietzsche |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612202020/http://www.fathom.com/feature/61007/ |archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9H1vjyOMswC&q=Arthur+Symons+Nietzsche&pg=PA231 |title=Nietzsche:Imagery and thoughts |isbn=978-0-520-03577-5 |last1=Pasley |first1=Malcolm |year=1978 |publisher=University of California Press |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> A similar notion was espoused by [[W. H. Auden]] who wrote of Nietzsche in his ''New Year Letter'' (released in 1941 in ''[[The Double Man (book)|The Double Man]]''): "O masterly [[debunker]] of our liberal fallacies ... all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dispatchesfromfr00forr |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dispatchesfromfr00forr/page/39 39] |quote=masterly debunker of our liberal fallacies. |title=Dispatches from the Freud Wars |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-53960-0 |last1=Forrester |first1=John |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/germanyasmodelmo0000argy |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/germanyasmodelmo0000argy/page/130 130] |quote=W.H. Auden Nietzsche. |title=Germany as model and monster: Allusions in English fiction |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-2351-7 |last1=Argyle |first1=Gisela |year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WokrAAAAYAAJ |title=The Double Man |first=Wystan Hugh |last=Auden |date=1 June 1979 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-21073-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Nietzsche made an impact on composers during the 1890s. Writer [[Donald Mitchell (writer)|Donald Mitchell]] noted that [[Gustav Mahler]] was "attracted to the poetic fire of Zarathustra, but repelled by the intellectual core of its writings". He also quoted Mahler himself, and adds that he was influenced by Nietzsche's conception and affirmative approach to nature, which Mahler presented in his [[Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)|Third Symphony]] using [[Zarathustra's roundelay]]. [[Frederick Delius]] produced a piece of choral music, ''[[A Mass of Life]]'', based on a text of ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'', while [[Richard Strauss]] (who also based his [[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|''Also sprach Zarathustra'']] on the same book), was only interested in finishing "another chapter of symphonic autobiography".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCq909vSpwC&q=Mahler+Nietzsche+influence&pg=PA99 |title=Gustav Mahler: The Early Years |first=Mitchell |last=Donald |isbn=978-0-520-04141-7 |year=1980 |publisher=University of California Press |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Writers and poets influenced by Nietzsche include [[André Gide]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holdheim |first=William W. |year=1957 |title=The Young Gide's Reaction to Nietzsche|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/jour...to-nietzsche/FFE35D5DC1DF62BF689A575434934BC1 |journal=PMLA |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=534–544 |doi=10.2307/460474 |jstor=460474 |s2cid=163634107 |issn=0030-8129}}</ref> [[August Strindberg]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Dahlkvist |first=Tobias |title=By the Open Sea – A Decadent Novel? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv47w3xd.13 |work=The International Strindberg |pages=195–214 |publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]] |doi=10.2307/j.ctv47w3xd.13 |isbn=978-0-8101-6629-5 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> [[Robinson Jeffers]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Frederic I. |year=1977 |title=Robinson Jeffers Today: Beyond Good and Beneath Evil |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925556 |journal=American Literature |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=86–96 |doi=10.2307/2925556 |jstor=2925556 |issn=0002-9831}}</ref> [[Pío Baroja]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=Katharine |date=27 May 2020 |title=Spanish Modernism in Context: Failed Heroism and Cross-Cultural Encounters in Pío Baroja and Joseph Conrad |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14753820.2020.1726630 |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=807–829 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2020.1726630|hdl=10871/39620 |s2cid=214389935 |issn=1475-3820 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[D.H. Lawrence]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colin |first=Milton |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/797149190 |title=Lawrence and Nietzsche : a study in influence |date=1987 |publisher=[[Aberdeen University Press]] |isbn=0-08-035067-4 |oclc=797149190}}</ref> [[Edith Södergran]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mier-Cruz |first=Benjamin|date=5 February 2021 |title=Edith Södergran's Genderqueer Modernism |journal=[[Humanities (journal)|Humanities]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=28 |doi=10.3390/h10010028 |issn=2076-0787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Yukio Mishima]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagenaar |first1=Dick |last2=Iwamoto |first2=Yoshio |year=1975 |title=Yukio Mishima: Dialectics of Mind and Body |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1207783 |journal=Contemporary Literature |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=41–60 |doi=10.2307/1207783 |jstor=1207783 |issn=0010-7484}}</ref> |
Okumaya devam et...