top: rewrite per tag
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 17:23, 27 April 2024 |
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| {{Redirect|FVEY|the album|FVEY (album){{!}}''FVEY'' (album)}} | {{Redirect|FVEY|the album|FVEY (album){{!}}''FVEY'' (album)}} |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
| {{Lead extra info|date=April 2024}} | |
| {{Infobox geopolitical organization | {{Infobox geopolitical organization |
| | name = '''Five Eyes''' | | name = '''Five Eyes''' |
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| [[File:New Zealand Security Intelligence Service.jpg|thumb|[[New Zealand Security Intelligence Service|NZSIS]] Headquarters, Wellington, New Zealand]] | [[File:New Zealand Security Intelligence Service.jpg|thumb|[[New Zealand Security Intelligence Service|NZSIS]] Headquarters, Wellington, New Zealand]] |
| The '''Five Eyes''' ('''FVEY''') is an [[Anglosphere]] [[intelligence assessment|intelligence]] alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-w...ization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|title=Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)|website=www.dni.gov}}</ref> These countries are parties to the multilateral [[UKUSA Agreement|UK-USA Agreement]], a treaty for joint cooperation in [[signals intelligence]].<ref name="fiveeyes1">{{cite web|last=Cox|first=James|title=Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community|url=http://cdfai.org.previewmysite.com/...telligence Community.pdf|publisher=[[Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute]]|date=December 2012|access-date=2016-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015091...y.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five Eyes |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/thesaurus/toc.asp?id=37622 |publisher=[[United States Army Combined Arms Center]] |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2014020...army.mil/cac2/call/thesaurus/toc.asp?id=37622 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet |url=http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?ID=3978 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Navy]] |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201113535/http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?ID=3978 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Informally, Five Eyes can also refer to the group of intelligence agencies of these countries. | The '''Five Eyes''' ('''FVEY''') is an [[Anglosphere]] [[intelligence assessment|intelligence]] alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-w...ization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|title=Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)|website=www.dni.gov}}</ref> These countries are parties to the multilateral [[UKUSA Agreement|UK-USA Agreement]], a treaty for joint cooperation in [[signals intelligence]].<ref name="fiveeyes1">{{cite web|last=Cox|first=James|title=Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community|url=http://cdfai.org.previewmysite.com/...telligence Community.pdf|publisher=[[Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute]]|date=December 2012|access-date=2016-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015091...y.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five Eyes |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/thesaurus/toc.asp?id=37622 |publisher=[[United States Army Combined Arms Center]] |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2014020...army.mil/cac2/call/thesaurus/toc.asp?id=37622 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet |url=http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?ID=3978 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Navy]] |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201113535/http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?ID=3978 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Informally, Five Eyes can refer to the group of intelligence agencies of these countries. |
| The origins of the FVEY can be traced to informal secret meetings during [[World War II]] between British and American [[Code Breakers|code-breakers]], which started before the US formally entered the war, followed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]' 1941 [[Atlantic Charter]] that established their vision of the post-war world. Canadian academic Srdjan Vucetic argues the alliance emerged from [[Winston Churchill]]'s [[Iron Curtain speech]] in 1946,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vucetic |first=Srdjan |date=April 2020 |title=CANZUK: Fantasy or potential reality?: CANZUK anyone? |url= https://issuu.com/diplomatonline.com/docs/diplomat_apr_2020/s/10404501 |work=Diplomat & International Canada |issue=Spring 2020 |language=en-US |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>{{Dubious|reason=Check what Vucetic actually said.|date=April 2024}} which warned of [[World War III|open conflict]] with the [[Soviet sphere of influence|Soviet bloc]] unless the Anglosphere democracies learned to cooperate: | The origins of the FVEY can be traced to informal secret meetings during World War II between British and American [[Code Breakers|code-breakers]], before the US formally entered the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vucetic |first=Srdjan |date=April 2020 |title=CANZUK: Fantasy or potential reality?: CANZUK anyone? |url= https://issuu.com/diplomatonline.com/docs/diplomat_apr_2020/s/10404501 |work=Diplomat & International Canada |issue=Spring 2020 |language=en-US |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> The alliance was formalized in the post-war era, specifically through the [[UKUSA Agreement]] in 1946. As the [[Cold War]] deepened, the intelligence sharing arrangement became formalised under the [[ECHELON]] surveillance system in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Eyes and the Perils of an Asymmetric Alliance – AIIA |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/five-eyes-asymmetric-alliance/|access-date=2021-03-08 |publisher=Australian Institute of International Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> This was developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]]; it is now used to monitor communications worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |last=Asser |first=Martin |title=Echelon: Big brother without a cause?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/820758.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 January 2014 |date=6 July 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125232105/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/820758.stm |archive-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 January 2014 |date=29 May 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013121....uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm|archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The FVEY expanded their surveillance capabilities during the course of the "[[war on terror]]", with much emphasis placed on monitoring the [[World Wide Web]]. The alliance has grown into a robust global surveillance mechanism, adapting to new challenges such as international terrorism, cyber threats, and regional conflicts. |
 | The alliance's activities, often shrouded in secrecy, have occasionally come under scrutiny for their implications on privacy and civil liberties, sparking debates and legal challenges. In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a debate in the [[European Parliament]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[United States Congress]] and [[British Parliament]]. Former [[NSA]] contractor [[Edward Snowden]] described the Five Eyes as a "[[Supranational union|supra-national]] intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries".<ref name="ndr" /> [[2010s global surveillance disclosures]] revealed FVEY had been spying on one another's citizens and sharing the collected information with each other, although the FVEY nations maintain this was done legally. It has been claimed FVEY nations have been sharing intelligence to circumvent domestic laws, but only one court case in Canada has found any FVEY nation breaking domestic laws when sharing intelligence with a FVEYs partner.<ref name="guardian1" /><ref name="reuters1" /> |
| {{blockquote|Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organisation will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. This means a special relationship between the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and [[British Empire|Empire]] and the United States... the continuance of the intimate relationship between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers...<ref>{{Cite web |date=1946-03-05|title=The Sinews of Peace ('Iron Curtain Speech') |url=http://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |publisher=International Churchill Society}}</ref>|author=Churchill}} | |
| Five Eyes is among the most comprehensive espionage alliances.<ref name=AP2013>{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Nick |last2=Dodds |first2=Paisley |date=17 July 2013 |title=5-nation spy alliance too vital for leaks to harm |url= https://apnews.com/article/8fbc07f0a0ed42b3bf6174f5ee826dbf |work=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> Since processed intelligence is gathered from multiple sources, the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and often involves [[military intelligence|defence intelligence]] as well as [[human intelligence (intelligence collection)|human intelligence]] (HUMINT) and [[geospatial intelligence]] (GEOINT). Five Eyes remains a critical element in the intelligence and security landscape of each member country, providing a strategic advantage in understanding and responding to global events. |
| As the [[Cold War]] deepened, the intelligence sharing arrangement became formalised under the [[ECHELON]] surveillance system in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Eyes and the Perils of an Asymmetric Alliance – AIIA |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.or...s-asymmetric-alliance/|access-date=2021-03-08 |publisher=Australian Institute of International Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> This was initially developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the former [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]], although it is now used to monitor communications worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |last=Asser |first=Martin |title=Echelon: Big brother without a cause?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/820758.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 January 2014 |date=6 July 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125232105/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/820758.stm |archive-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 January 2014 |date=29 May 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013121....uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm|archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |
| In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a major debate in the [[European Parliament]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[United States Congress]] and the [[British Parliament]]. The FVEY further expanded their surveillance capabilities during the course of the "[[war on terror]]", with much emphasis placed on monitoring the [[World Wide Web]]. Former [[NSA]] contractor [[Edward Snowden]] described the Five Eyes as a "[[Supranational union|supra-national]] intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries".<ref name="ndr" /> [[Snowden revelations|Documents leaked by Snowden]] in 2013 revealed that the FVEY has been spying on one another's citizens and sharing the collected information with each other, although the FVEY nations maintain that this was done legally. It has been claimed that FVEY nations have been sharing intelligence in order to circumvent domestic laws, but only one court case in Canada has found any FVEY nation breaking domestic laws when sharing intelligence with a FVEYs partner.<ref name="guardian1" /><ref name="guardian2" /><ref name="guardian3" /><ref name="reuters1" /> |
| Five Eyes is among the most comprehensive espionage alliances.<ref name=AP2013>{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Nick |last2=Dodds |first2=Paisley |date=17 July 2013 |title=5-nation spy alliance too vital for leaks to harm |url= https://apnews.com/article/8fbc07f0a0ed42b3bf6174f5ee826dbf |work=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> |
| Since processed intelligence is gathered from multiple sources, the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and often involves [[military intelligence|defence intelligence]] as well as [[human intelligence (intelligence collection)|human intelligence]] (HUMINT) and [[geospatial intelligence]] (GEOINT). | |
| ==Organisations== | ==Organisations== |
Okumaya devam et...