Added information of the Hesse's early married life and a quote from Robert Koch's 1882 paper concerning agar usage
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 20:22, 27 April 2024 |
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| === Later life and family === | === Later life and family === |
| Hesse was first introduced to her husband and research partner, Walter Hesse, through an introduction by his brother Richard whilst he was visiting New York.<ref name=":0" /> Hesse then met Walther Hesse again in 1872 while traveling in [[Germany]] with her sister Eugenie. The couple became engaged in 1873, and they married in 1874 with a wedding held in [[Geneva]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain|url-access=registration|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|last=Haines|first=Catharine M. C.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070901|language=en}}</ref> She and her family would later live in Strehlen, a suburb of [[Dresden]], as a result of Walther purchasing a house to work from home at during his time at the [[Technical University Dresden|Technical University of Dresden]]. Referred to as Lina in her family, Hesse and her husband had 3 sons. Hesse and her brother [[Louis Eilshemius]] both shared an early interest and talent for [[painting]] and [[Illustration|illustrations]], with Louis earning some fame for his work later on in his life.<ref name=":0" /> | Hesse was first introduced to her husband and research partner, Walther Hesse, through an introduction by his brother Richard whilst he was visiting New York.<ref name=":0" /> Fanny Hesse then met Walther again in 1872 while traveling in [[Germany]] with her sister Eugenie. The couple became engaged in an arranged marriage in 1873, and they married in 1874 with a wedding held in [[Geneva]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain|url-access=registration|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|last=Haines|first=Catharine M. C.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070901|language=en}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, the couple began to reside in the Erzgebirge mountain range due to Walther Hesse's work in nearby uranium mines as a doctor. She and her family would later live in Strehlen, a suburb of [[Dresden]], as a result of Walther purchasing a house to work from home at during his time at the [[Technical University Dresden|Technical University of Dresden]]. Referred to as Lina in her family, Hesse and her husband had 3 sons. Hesse and her brother [[Louis Eilshemius]] both shared an early interest and talent for [[painting]] and [[Illustration|illustrations]], with Louis earning some fame for his work later on in his life.<ref name=":0" /> |
| Hesse would end up outliving her husband by 23 years, and her illustrations and Walther's papers have been passed down to her grandchildren as part of her personal collection. Following Walther's death, she moved into the town to be closer to her family and children for the remainder of her life. During [[World War I]], the Hesse family home in New Jersey was sold and her part of the [[inheritance]] was kept as enemy property. It was not until many years later that she began to receive small sums of money and other items included with her inheritance, in addition to the [[pension]] she received as a [[widow]] of a [[Civil Servant|civil servant]]. However, as her home in [[Dresden]] was destroyed during [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] air raids, many of the Hesse family mementos have been lost aside from those that Hesse managed to collect from family members.<ref name=":0" /> | Hesse would end up outliving her husband by 23 years, and her illustrations and Walther's papers have been passed down to her grandchildren as part of her personal collection. Following Walther's death, she moved into the town to be closer to her family and children for the remainder of her life. During [[World War I]], the Hesse family home in New Jersey was sold and her part of the [[inheritance]] was kept as enemy property. It was not until many years later that she began to receive small sums of money and other items included with her inheritance, in addition to the [[pension]] she received as a [[widow]] of a [[Civil Servant|civil servant]]. However, as her home in [[Dresden]] was destroyed during [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] air raids, many of the Hesse family mementos have been lost aside from those that Hesse managed to collect from family members.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| Following unsuccessful attempts of culturing microorganisms on gelatin mediums, Hesse then suggested that [[agar]] was preferable to [[gelatin]] for cultivating bacteria and other [[Microorganism|microorganisms]]. She was aware of the properties of agar as a gelling agent, able to maintain its physical properties at warm temperatures, through her usage of it at home. Hesse had first learned about agar from her mother's friends that had lived in the [[East Indies]], where the [[seaweed]] extract itself originates. Agar was first utilized in seaweed extracts in [[Japan]],<ref name=":2" /> and it was later introduced to Europe by Dutch citizens in the East Indies for the creation of fruit jellies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nussinovitch |first=A |title=Hydrocolloid Applications |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |publication-date=6 December 1997}}</ref> She initially had been utilizing agar as a replacement for gelatin in dishes she prepared in her kitchen, finding agar more versatile in resisting summer temperatures for fruit [[jam]]s and [[jelly (fruit preserves)|jellies]], and subsequently suggested it as an alternative when Walther complained to her about gelatin breaking down in the summertime heat.<ref name=":0" /> | Following unsuccessful attempts of culturing microorganisms on gelatin mediums, Hesse then suggested that [[agar]] was preferable to [[gelatin]] for cultivating bacteria and other [[Microorganism|microorganisms]]. She was aware of the properties of agar as a gelling agent, able to maintain its physical properties at warm temperatures, through her usage of it at home. Hesse had first learned about agar from her mother's friends that had lived in the [[East Indies]], where the [[seaweed]] extract itself originates. Agar was first utilized in seaweed extracts in [[Japan]],<ref name=":2" /> and it was later introduced to Europe by Dutch citizens in the East Indies for the creation of fruit jellies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nussinovitch |first=A |title=Hydrocolloid Applications |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |publication-date=6 December 1997}}</ref> She initially had been utilizing agar as a replacement for gelatin in dishes she prepared in her kitchen, finding agar more versatile in resisting summer temperatures for fruit [[jam]]s and [[jelly (fruit preserves)|jellies]], and subsequently suggested it as an alternative when Walther complained to her about gelatin breaking down in the summertime heat.<ref name=":0" /> |
| Hesse's suggestion led to Walther and Koch successfully using agar as a plating medium for cultivating the bacteria that caused [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koch |first1=Robert |title=Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose |journal=Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift (Berlin Clinical Weekly) |date=10 April 1882 |volume=19 |pages=221–230 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020075001;view=1up;seq=235 |trans-title=The etiology of tuberculosis |language=German}} From p. 225: ''"Die Tuberkelbacillen lassen sich auch noch auf anderen Nährsubstraten kultiviren, wenn letztere ähnliche Eigenschaften wie das erstarrte Blutserum besitzen. So wachsen sie beispielsweise auf einer mit Agar-Agar bereiteten, bei Blutwärme hart bleibenden Gallerte, welche einen Zusatz von Fleischinfus und Pepton erhalten hat."'' (The tubercule bacilli can also be cultivated on other media, if the latter have properties similar to those of congealed blood serum. Thus they grow, for example, on a gelatinous mass that was prepared with agar-agar, which remains solid at blood temperature, and which has received a supplement of meat broth and peptone.)</ref> Hesse's suggestion of using agar also proved to be central to her husband's success in analyzing microbial counts in air, as he initially ran into problems with summertime temperatures liquefying the gelatin. Subsequent experiments following her suggestion of using agar as an alternative gelling agent revealed its advantages in [[thermal stability]], resistance to liquifying bacterial [[Enzyme|enzymes]], ability to maintain [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterility]], and benefits for long term storage, which rectified many of the problems associated with gelatin.<ref name=":0" /> In comparison to agar, which could remain solid at temperatures up to 90°C while settling at temperatures below 45°C, gelatin liquified at 37°C, which made it an unsuitable media to plate many types of bacteria in laboratory conditions.<ref name=":2" /> The agar "dessert medium" invented by Hesse, and that her husband Walther used to culture bacteria in his laboratory, had a percent composition of 1%-1.5%.<ref>Guardino, Robert F. "Chapter 1: Early History of Microbiology and Microbiological Methods." ''Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods''. p. 15. </ref><ref>PubChem. "Agar." ''National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information''. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Agar .</ref> The agar that Hesse popularized does not melt below 85°C and is often observed at 100°C. Agar-based mediums were capable of providing a firmer media at higher temperatures, which allowed for better [[Cell culture|plating]] and isolation of bacterial colonies in the conditions Walther and Koch performed their experiments in.<ref>Bonnet, M., Lagier, J. C., Raoult, D., & Khelaifia, S. (2019). Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: The evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology. New Microbes and New Infections, 34. {{doi|10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622}} </ref> | Hesse's suggestion led to Walther and Koch successfully using agar as a plating medium for cultivating the bacteria that caused [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Koch |first1=Robert |title=Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose |journal=Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift (Berlin Clinical Weekly) |date=10 April 1882 |volume=19 |pages=221–230 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020075001;view=1up;seq=235 |trans-title=The etiology of tuberculosis |language=German}} From p. 225: ''"Die Tuberkelbacillen lassen sich auch noch auf anderen Nährsubstraten kultiviren, wenn letztere ähnliche Eigenschaften wie das erstarrte Blutserum besitzen. So wachsen sie beispielsweise auf einer mit Agar-Agar bereiteten, bei Blutwärme hart bleibenden Gallerte, welche einen Zusatz von Fleischinfus und Pepton erhalten hat."'' (The tubercule bacilli can also be cultivated on other media, if the latter have properties similar to those of congealed blood serum. Thus they grow, for example, on a gelatinous mass that was prepared with agar-agar, which remains solid at blood temperature, and which has received a supplement of meat broth and peptone.)</ref> Hesse's suggestion of using agar also proved to be central to her husband's success in analyzing microbial counts in air, as he initially ran into problems with summertime temperatures liquefying the gelatin. Subsequent experiments following her suggestion of using agar as an alternative gelling agent revealed its advantages in [[thermal stability]], resistance to liquifying bacterial [[Enzyme|enzymes]], ability to maintain [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterility]], and benefits for long term storage, which rectified many of the problems associated with gelatin.<ref name=":0" /> In comparison to agar, which could remain solid at temperatures up to 90°C while settling at temperatures below 45°C, gelatin liquified at 37°C, which made it an unsuitable media to plate many types of bacteria in laboratory conditions.<ref name=":2" /> The agar "dessert medium" invented by Hesse, and that her husband Walther used to culture bacteria in his laboratory, had a percent composition of 1%-1.5%.<ref>Guardino, Robert F. "Chapter 1: Early History of Microbiology and Microbiological Methods." ''Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods''. p. 15. </ref><ref>PubChem. "Agar." ''National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information''. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Agar .</ref> The agar that Hesse popularized does not melt below 85°C and is often observed at 100°C. Agar-based mediums were capable of providing a firmer media at higher temperatures, which allowed for better [[Cell culture|plating]] and isolation of bacterial colonies in the conditions Walther and Koch performed their experiments in.<ref>Bonnet, M., Lagier, J. C., Raoult, D., & Khelaifia, S. (2019). Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: The evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology. New Microbes and New Infections, 34. {{doi|10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622}} </ref> |
| In his paper on the etiology of tuberculosis, Robert Koch wrote: “The tubercle bacilli can also be cultured on other nutrient substrates, if the latter possess similar properties to the solidified serum. They are able to grow on a solidified gel which remains solid at incubator temperature, prepared by adding agar-agar to a meat infusion or peptone medium.”<ref name=":4" /> | |
| Although Koch mentioned in an 1882 paper on [[tuberculosis]] [[bacilli]] that he used agar instead of gelatin, he did not credit either Hesse or mention the reasoning behind why he made the switch.<ref name=":1" /> Later on in her life, she chose to keep and take care of all of her illustrations and Walther's papers and documents, out of respect for Walther's work and her own contributions to his discoveries. The Hesses chose to not exploit their contributions with agar commercially, citing the action as improper conduct.<ref name=":0" /> Hesse's contribution never resulted in financial benefit for the Hesse family, but continues to remain central to the fields of [[microbiology]] and [[bacteriology]] in regards to [[laboratory]] techniques for producing plating media.<ref name=":1" /> | Although Koch mentioned in an 1882 paper on [[tuberculosis]] [[bacilli]] that he used agar instead of gelatin, he did not credit either Hesse or mention the reasoning behind why he made the switch.<ref name=":1" /> Later on in her life, she chose to keep and take care of all of her illustrations and Walther's papers and documents, out of respect for Walther's work and her own contributions to his discoveries. The Hesses chose to not exploit their contributions with agar commercially, citing the action as improper conduct.<ref name=":0" /> Hesse's contribution never resulted in financial benefit for the Hesse family, but continues to remain central to the fields of [[microbiology]] and [[bacteriology]] in regards to [[laboratory]] techniques for producing plating media.<ref name=":1" /> |
Okumaya devam et...