Delpolocovy: Formatting and adding paragraphs
'''In Haiti, the disruption of the water cycle''' remains a major environmental challenge, affecting biodiversity and the daily lives of the country's inhabitants. There are several reasons for this problem: on the one hand, the proliferation of shantytowns and the absence of a comprehensive urban development policy. The phenomenon of global warming is one of the main causes of this problem <ref>{{Cite web |title=4.3.17. APD totale dans le secteur de l'eau & 4.3.18. 10 premiers bénéficiaires en 2005 & 4.3.19. APD dans le secteur de l'eau par sous-secteur en 2005 & 4.3.20. Engagements d'APD dans le secteur de l'eau |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/413545541481 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> , faced with one of the most disastrous economic, social and political situations on the planet, Haiti is unable to implement an urban development policy <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Université Quisqueya-École doctorale Société et Environnement (EDSE), Haut de Turgeau, Port-au-Prince, Haïti |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Evens |last3=Jérôme |first3=Yolette |last4=Université Quisqueya, Centre de Recherche et d’Appui aux Politiques Urbaines (CRAPU), Haut de Turgeau, Port-au-Prince, Haïti / Université des Antilles - Laboratoire de recherche GEODE Caraïbe (EA 929), Campus de Schoelcher, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique |last5=Saffache |first5=Pascal |last6=Université des Antilles - Laboratoire de recherche GEODE Caraïbe (EA 929), Campus de Schoelcher, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique |date=2021-03-31 |title=Global water governance and water rights through the prism of Canaan, a slum apart in Haiti |url=https://aqua-lac.org/index.php/Aqua-LAC/article/view/278 |journal=Aqua-LAC |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=34–44 |doi=10.29104/phi-aqualac/2021-v13-1-03}}</ref> . On the other hand, deforestation encourages natural disasters <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=Anne |last2=Renaud |first2=Jean-Nicolas |date=2015-06-30 |title=Un héroïsme républicain |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/abpo.3064 |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |issue=122-2 |pages=99–117 |doi=10.4000/abpo.3064 |issn=0399-0826}}</ref> . Thus, the disruption of the water cycle remains a lasting threat to the country's development <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Haiti earthquake devastation partly caused by deforestation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.024165 |journal=Physics Today |doi=10.1063/pt.5.024165 |issn=1945-0699}}</ref>.
=== Water ===
For centuries, water has been perceived and treated as an inexhaustible, abundant and self- regenerating resource <ref>(en) Takemi Otsuki, Environmental Health, BoD - Books on Demand, December 15, 2021
(<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-83968-720-4</nowiki>, online)</ref> . Water, the unifying element of any community of users, is essential to the life of living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joerin |first=Florent |date=2013 |title=TROLARD, Fabienne, REYNDERS, Suzanne, DANGEARD, Marie-Lorraine, BOURRIÉ, Guilhem, DESCAMPS, Bernard, KELLER, Catherine et de MODANT de MASSIAC, Jean-Christophe (2013) Territoires, villes et campagnes face à l’étalement urbain et au changement climatique. Paris, Éditions Johanet, 152 p. (ISBN 979-10-91089-09-8) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026545ar |journal=Cahiers de géographie du Québec |volume=57 |issue=162 |pages=525 |doi=10.7202/1026545ar |issn=0007-9766}}</ref> . It is one of the common goods at the heart of community life <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centre de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie du Développement (CREGED), Université Quisqueya |last2=Cadet |first2=Raulin L. |last3=Providence |first3=Christophe |last4=Centre de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie du Développement (CREGED), Université Quisqueya |last5=Anténord |first5=Jean-Baptiste |last6=Centre de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie du Développement (CREGED), Université Quisqueya |last7=Centre de Techniques de Planification et d’Économie Appliquée (CTPEA) |last8=Faculté des Sciences Économiques et Sociales, Université de Lille |date=2021 |title=La Pénétration Bancaire et le Développement des Villes d’Haïti |url=https://uniq.edu.ht/publications/10-54226-uniq-ecodev-18793-c5 |publisher=Editions Pédagie Nouvelle & Université Quisqueya |doi=10.54226/uniq.ecodev.18793_c5 |isbn=978-99970-60-15-0}}</ref>.
Alongside its technical component, water has other dimensions: environmental, social, cultural, economic, legal, educational, spiritual and historical. Over the centuries, the presence of water has conditioned the territorial development of communities.
Water is also the source of numerous diseases for living beings <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blanchon |first=David |date=2013-07-08 |title=Le forum mondial de l’eau (FME) et le forum alternatif mondial de l’eau (FAME): Quelle légitimité pour ces deux événements ? Marseille – mars 2012 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/jda/5064 |journal=Journal des anthropologues |issue=132-133 |pages=453–459 |doi=10.4000/jda.5064 |issn=1156-0428}}</ref> . With population growth and the development of industrial activities, surface and groundwater resources are becoming increasingly polluted <ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Balthazard-Accou |first=Ketty |title=Vector-Borne Diseases and Climate Change in the Environmental Context in Haiti |date=2021-12-15 |work=Environmental Health |editor-last=Otsuki |editor-first=Takemi |url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/en...-change-in-the-environmental-context-in-haiti |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.96037 |isbn=978-1-83968-720-4 |last2=François Millien |first2=Max |last3=Michel |first3=Daphnée |last4=Jean |first4=Gaston |last5=Telcy |first5=David |last6=Emmanuel |first6=Evens}}</ref> . Man is therefore exposed to numerous chemical substances present in water <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Bénédique |last2=Jean Simon |first2=David |last3=Kiragu |first3=Ann |last4=Généus |first4=Woodley |last5=Emmanuel |first5=Evens |date=2022-11-23 |title=Socio-economic and demographic factors influencing open defecation in Haiti: a cross-sectional study |url=https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14619-2 |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-14619-2 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=PMC9686112 |pmid=36418991}}</ref>.
==== Hydrological context in Haiti ====
Located in the Caribbean, Haiti is exposed to a considerable ecological imbalance, characterized by catastrophic floods associated with torrential rains and hurricanes, devastating earthquakes, extreme climatic and meteorological variations that disrupt the water cycle. These problems are exacerbated by deforestation, soil degradation and unsustainable agricultural practices <ref>{{Citation |last=Fayazi |first=Mahmood |title=The links between vulnerability, poverty, and natural hazards: A focus on the impacts of globalization trends |date=2021 |work=Enhancing Disaster Preparedness |pages=259–272 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819078-4.00014-9 |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=Elsevier |last2=Bornstein |first2=Lisa}}</ref>. Climate change, pollution and deforestation are the main causes of water cycle disruption <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emmanuel |first=Evens |date=2007-03-23 |editor-last=Université Quisqueya |title=Faire face à la pénurie d'eau |url=https://uniq.edu.ht/publications/10.54226.uniq.socenv.35525 |publisher=Université Quisqueya |doi=10.54226/uniq.socenv.35525_c0 |isbn=978-99935-693-5-0}}</ref> in cities and slums. These causes include: an increase in ocean water temperature, and a considerable reduction in the quantity of water available at groundwater level <ref name=":0" />.
===== Environmental impact =====
Climate change is often described as one of the most pressing environmental challenges we face worldwide <ref name=":1" />. Long-term changes in temperature and precipitation are often accompanied by heat waves and intense rainfall <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kornei |first=Katherine |date=2020-05-21 |title=As the Planet Warms, Intense Storms Become More Common |url=https://eos.org/articles/as-the-planet-warms-intense-storms-become-more-common |journal=Eos |volume=101 |doi=10.1029/2020EO144483 |issn=2324-9250}}</ref> , increasing the risk of flooding <ref name=":1" /> , especially in Caribbean countries such as Haiti.
Floods, droughts and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems are examples of the effects of disruption of the water cycle <ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=2012-12-18 |work=Impact of Climate Change on Water and Health |pages=3–29 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14323-3 |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=CRC Press}}</ref>. Shortages of drinking water also aggravate public health problems.
Floods, torrential rains, droughts, changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation and water scarcity are just some of the consequences of these disturbances <ref>{{Citation |last=Jérôme |first=Yolette |title=The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan |date=2021-12-15 |work=Environmental Health |editor-last=Otsuki |editor-first=Takemi |url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/en...e-populations-living-in-the-slums-of-port-au- |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.96321 |isbn=978-1-83968-720-4 |last2=Alexis |first2=Magline |last3=Telcy |first3=David |last4=Saffache |first4=Pascal |last5=Emmanuel |first5=Evens}}</ref>. Important steps can be taken to reduce these disturbances, such as water conservation, protecting aquatic ecosystems, reducing pollution and promoting sustainable management of water resources, reforestation to preserve watersheds, improving agricultural techniques to reduce erosion, and adopting more efficient technologies for water management.
Climatic disturbances are also the cause of numerous infectious diseases, including vector-borne diseases transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods such as dengue fever, Zika, chikungunya and malaria <ref name=":1" />.
Climate change is a major threat to Haiti, even though the country contributes very little to the phenomenon. Like the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, the Republic of Haiti has for years been suffering the adverse effects of global climate change <ref name=":1" />.
====== Conclusion ======
Disrupting the cycle in Haiti is a complex challenge, but solutions are possible. By investing in sustainable practices and building community resilience, Haiti can look forward to a future where the water cycle is restored, offering a more stable and prosperous environment.
== Notes and References ==
<references />
.
Okumaya devam et...
'''In Haiti, the disruption of the water cycle''' remains a major environmental challenge, affecting biodiversity and the daily lives of the country's inhabitants. There are several reasons for this problem: on the one hand, the proliferation of shantytowns and the absence of a comprehensive urban development policy. The phenomenon of global warming is one of the main causes of this problem <ref>{{Cite web |title=4.3.17. APD totale dans le secteur de l'eau & 4.3.18. 10 premiers bénéficiaires en 2005 & 4.3.19. APD dans le secteur de l'eau par sous-secteur en 2005 & 4.3.20. Engagements d'APD dans le secteur de l'eau |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/413545541481 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> , faced with one of the most disastrous economic, social and political situations on the planet, Haiti is unable to implement an urban development policy <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Université Quisqueya-École doctorale Société et Environnement (EDSE), Haut de Turgeau, Port-au-Prince, Haïti |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Evens |last3=Jérôme |first3=Yolette |last4=Université Quisqueya, Centre de Recherche et d’Appui aux Politiques Urbaines (CRAPU), Haut de Turgeau, Port-au-Prince, Haïti / Université des Antilles - Laboratoire de recherche GEODE Caraïbe (EA 929), Campus de Schoelcher, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique |last5=Saffache |first5=Pascal |last6=Université des Antilles - Laboratoire de recherche GEODE Caraïbe (EA 929), Campus de Schoelcher, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique |date=2021-03-31 |title=Global water governance and water rights through the prism of Canaan, a slum apart in Haiti |url=https://aqua-lac.org/index.php/Aqua-LAC/article/view/278 |journal=Aqua-LAC |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=34–44 |doi=10.29104/phi-aqualac/2021-v13-1-03}}</ref> . On the other hand, deforestation encourages natural disasters <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=Anne |last2=Renaud |first2=Jean-Nicolas |date=2015-06-30 |title=Un héroïsme républicain |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/abpo.3064 |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |issue=122-2 |pages=99–117 |doi=10.4000/abpo.3064 |issn=0399-0826}}</ref> . Thus, the disruption of the water cycle remains a lasting threat to the country's development <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Haiti earthquake devastation partly caused by deforestation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.024165 |journal=Physics Today |doi=10.1063/pt.5.024165 |issn=1945-0699}}</ref>.
=== Water ===
For centuries, water has been perceived and treated as an inexhaustible, abundant and self- regenerating resource <ref>(en) Takemi Otsuki, Environmental Health, BoD - Books on Demand, December 15, 2021
(<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-83968-720-4</nowiki>, online)</ref> . Water, the unifying element of any community of users, is essential to the life of living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joerin |first=Florent |date=2013 |title=TROLARD, Fabienne, REYNDERS, Suzanne, DANGEARD, Marie-Lorraine, BOURRIÉ, Guilhem, DESCAMPS, Bernard, KELLER, Catherine et de MODANT de MASSIAC, Jean-Christophe (2013) Territoires, villes et campagnes face à l’étalement urbain et au changement climatique. Paris, Éditions Johanet, 152 p. (ISBN 979-10-91089-09-8) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026545ar |journal=Cahiers de géographie du Québec |volume=57 |issue=162 |pages=525 |doi=10.7202/1026545ar |issn=0007-9766}}</ref> . It is one of the common goods at the heart of community life <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centre de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie du Développement (CREGED), Université Quisqueya |last2=Cadet |first2=Raulin L. |last3=Providence |first3=Christophe |last4=Centre de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie du Développement (CREGED), Université Quisqueya |last5=Anténord |first5=Jean-Baptiste |last6=Centre de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie du Développement (CREGED), Université Quisqueya |last7=Centre de Techniques de Planification et d’Économie Appliquée (CTPEA) |last8=Faculté des Sciences Économiques et Sociales, Université de Lille |date=2021 |title=La Pénétration Bancaire et le Développement des Villes d’Haïti |url=https://uniq.edu.ht/publications/10-54226-uniq-ecodev-18793-c5 |publisher=Editions Pédagie Nouvelle & Université Quisqueya |doi=10.54226/uniq.ecodev.18793_c5 |isbn=978-99970-60-15-0}}</ref>.
Alongside its technical component, water has other dimensions: environmental, social, cultural, economic, legal, educational, spiritual and historical. Over the centuries, the presence of water has conditioned the territorial development of communities.
Water is also the source of numerous diseases for living beings <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blanchon |first=David |date=2013-07-08 |title=Le forum mondial de l’eau (FME) et le forum alternatif mondial de l’eau (FAME): Quelle légitimité pour ces deux événements ? Marseille – mars 2012 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/jda/5064 |journal=Journal des anthropologues |issue=132-133 |pages=453–459 |doi=10.4000/jda.5064 |issn=1156-0428}}</ref> . With population growth and the development of industrial activities, surface and groundwater resources are becoming increasingly polluted <ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Balthazard-Accou |first=Ketty |title=Vector-Borne Diseases and Climate Change in the Environmental Context in Haiti |date=2021-12-15 |work=Environmental Health |editor-last=Otsuki |editor-first=Takemi |url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/en...-change-in-the-environmental-context-in-haiti |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.96037 |isbn=978-1-83968-720-4 |last2=François Millien |first2=Max |last3=Michel |first3=Daphnée |last4=Jean |first4=Gaston |last5=Telcy |first5=David |last6=Emmanuel |first6=Evens}}</ref> . Man is therefore exposed to numerous chemical substances present in water <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Bénédique |last2=Jean Simon |first2=David |last3=Kiragu |first3=Ann |last4=Généus |first4=Woodley |last5=Emmanuel |first5=Evens |date=2022-11-23 |title=Socio-economic and demographic factors influencing open defecation in Haiti: a cross-sectional study |url=https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14619-2 |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-14619-2 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=PMC9686112 |pmid=36418991}}</ref>.
==== Hydrological context in Haiti ====
Located in the Caribbean, Haiti is exposed to a considerable ecological imbalance, characterized by catastrophic floods associated with torrential rains and hurricanes, devastating earthquakes, extreme climatic and meteorological variations that disrupt the water cycle. These problems are exacerbated by deforestation, soil degradation and unsustainable agricultural practices <ref>{{Citation |last=Fayazi |first=Mahmood |title=The links between vulnerability, poverty, and natural hazards: A focus on the impacts of globalization trends |date=2021 |work=Enhancing Disaster Preparedness |pages=259–272 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819078-4.00014-9 |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=Elsevier |last2=Bornstein |first2=Lisa}}</ref>. Climate change, pollution and deforestation are the main causes of water cycle disruption <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emmanuel |first=Evens |date=2007-03-23 |editor-last=Université Quisqueya |title=Faire face à la pénurie d'eau |url=https://uniq.edu.ht/publications/10.54226.uniq.socenv.35525 |publisher=Université Quisqueya |doi=10.54226/uniq.socenv.35525_c0 |isbn=978-99935-693-5-0}}</ref> in cities and slums. These causes include: an increase in ocean water temperature, and a considerable reduction in the quantity of water available at groundwater level <ref name=":0" />.
===== Environmental impact =====
Climate change is often described as one of the most pressing environmental challenges we face worldwide <ref name=":1" />. Long-term changes in temperature and precipitation are often accompanied by heat waves and intense rainfall <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kornei |first=Katherine |date=2020-05-21 |title=As the Planet Warms, Intense Storms Become More Common |url=https://eos.org/articles/as-the-planet-warms-intense-storms-become-more-common |journal=Eos |volume=101 |doi=10.1029/2020EO144483 |issn=2324-9250}}</ref> , increasing the risk of flooding <ref name=":1" /> , especially in Caribbean countries such as Haiti.
Floods, droughts and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems are examples of the effects of disruption of the water cycle <ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=2012-12-18 |work=Impact of Climate Change on Water and Health |pages=3–29 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14323-3 |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=CRC Press}}</ref>. Shortages of drinking water also aggravate public health problems.
Floods, torrential rains, droughts, changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation and water scarcity are just some of the consequences of these disturbances <ref>{{Citation |last=Jérôme |first=Yolette |title=The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan |date=2021-12-15 |work=Environmental Health |editor-last=Otsuki |editor-first=Takemi |url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/en...e-populations-living-in-the-slums-of-port-au- |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.96321 |isbn=978-1-83968-720-4 |last2=Alexis |first2=Magline |last3=Telcy |first3=David |last4=Saffache |first4=Pascal |last5=Emmanuel |first5=Evens}}</ref>. Important steps can be taken to reduce these disturbances, such as water conservation, protecting aquatic ecosystems, reducing pollution and promoting sustainable management of water resources, reforestation to preserve watersheds, improving agricultural techniques to reduce erosion, and adopting more efficient technologies for water management.
Climatic disturbances are also the cause of numerous infectious diseases, including vector-borne diseases transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods such as dengue fever, Zika, chikungunya and malaria <ref name=":1" />.
Climate change is a major threat to Haiti, even though the country contributes very little to the phenomenon. Like the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, the Republic of Haiti has for years been suffering the adverse effects of global climate change <ref name=":1" />.
====== Conclusion ======
Disrupting the cycle in Haiti is a complex challenge, but solutions are possible. By investing in sustainable practices and building community resilience, Haiti can look forward to a future where the water cycle is restored, offering a more stable and prosperous environment.
== Notes and References ==
<references />
.
Okumaya devam et...