M Waleed: ←Created page with '{{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Dir campaign | partof = | image = | caption = | date = 1959-1960 | place = Dir state | result = Pakistani/Opposition victory * Overthrow of Nawab Jahan Khan | combatant1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Dir opposition<br>'''Supp...'
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Dir campaign
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1959-1960
| place = [[Dir (princely state)|Dir state]]
| result = Pakistani/Opposition victory
* Overthrow of Nawab Jahan Khan
| combatant1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} [[Dir (princely state)|Dir opposition]]<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>[[File:Flag of Swat.svg|23px]] [[Swat (princely state)|Swat state]]
| combatant2 ={{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} [[Dir (princely state)|Dir state]]
| units1 ={{army|Pakistan}}
* [[File:Insignia of Pakistan Army Special Service Group (SSG).svg|17px]] [[Special Service Group|SSG]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Shariff Force<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Rakhman Gul Force
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} [[Dir Levies]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Maj.[[Mirza Aslam Beg| M.A Beg]] <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Maj. Aslam Beg <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Lt Col. A O Mitha <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Maj. Nishat Ahmed<br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Capt. S.M. Naeem <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Lt. Fakhre Alam <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Sharrif Khan <br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Khosru Khan <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Rakhman Gul
| commander2 ={{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Nawab Jahan Khan <br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Khan of Jandool
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 200+ soldiers killed
}}
'''Dir campaign''' refers to a conflict that took place in [[Dir (princely state)|Dir state]], originally an insurrection by locals against the rule of Nawab Jahan Khan that lead to the death of 200 soldiers of Nawab and unknown number of locals. This insurrection antagonized Pakistani government and it tried to negotiate the resignation of Nawab but no settlement was reached. This was followed by an invasion of the state by Pakistani SSG and overthrow of Nawab.
==Background==
On 8 Feb 1948, Dir acceded to the newly created Muslim dominion of Pakistan, initially continuing as one of the surviving [[princely states of Pakistan]].
The politics of the late Nawabs are described as reactionary and harsh.<ref name = "dirbeauty"/><ref>''Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan'', First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg xvii.</ref>
==State violence and underdevelopment==
It was reported by [[Fosco Maraini]] in 1959 during an expedition towards [[Hindu-Kush]], reported the opinion of the people that the Nawab Jahan Khan (who was about 64 years old at that time) was a tyrannical leader, denying his subjects any freedom of speech and instruction, governing the land with a number of henchmen, and seizing for his [[harem]] any girl or woman he wanted. Maraini also noticed the lack of schools, sewers, and paved roads, and the presence of just a rudimentary newly built hospital. The Nawab was negatively compared to the Wali of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]], whose liberal politics allowed his state to enter into the modern era.<ref name ="maraini">{{cite book
|last1=Maraini
|first1=Fosco
|title=Where four worlds meet: Hindu Kush, 1959
|year=1965
|publisher=Hamish Hamilton
|location=London
}}</ref>
==Civilian uprising==
As a consequence, uprisings began eventually to explode. A repressed revolt in 1959 was reported by Maraini's.<ref name ="maraini"/> Another insurrection in 1960 led to the death of 200 soldiers and put the Nawab in a bad light in the view of the press. Pakistani government put heavy pressure on the Nawab Jahan Khan to resign but no diplomatic success was reached.
==Pakistan military operation==
In October 1960, Two companies of the [[Special Service Group|SSG]] covertly in Scouts uniform launched an operation to overthrow the Nawab Jahan Khan and his son Khan of Jandool<ref name=Pakistan">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H.|title=Remembering Our Warriors: Brig. Shamim Yasin Manto|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/...site=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal Shamim|access-date=19 September 2017|location=Karachi|language=en-pk|date=February 2002|archive-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013050...l.com/2002/february/manto.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>.
First [[Special Service Group|SSG]] company operated from Chitral under the command of [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] Commanded [[Special Service Group|SSG]] alongside Shariff Force commanded by Brig M. Shariff<ref name=Pakistan"/>. They launched an assault on the town of Dir with the aim of overthinking Nawab Jahan Khan. Maj. Nishat Ahmed, Capt. S.M. Naeem and Lt. Fakhre Alam also participated in this operation. The overthrow was bloodless<ref name=Pakistan"/>.
The second [[Special Service Group|SSG]] company, commanded by Maj. Aslam Beg, operated in the area of Munda Killa alongside Rakhman Gul Force . It's aim was to capture Khan of Jandool. Lt Col. A O Mitha were part of this company<ref name=Pakistan"/>. They transported the Nawab and his son in to Risalpur via air<ref name=Pakistan"/>.
All the weapons of nawab were confiscated and constitutional government was established. Nawab shah Khesrao khan was recognised as the Nawab of Dir<ref name="dirroyalfamily.blogspot.ae"/>. The [[Special Service Group|SSG]] personnel remained in the area for a month<ref name=Pakistan"/>.
==Exile of Nawab==
General Yahya decided to exile Jahan Khan, who would die in 1968. His throne passed in October 1961 to his eldest son, Mohammad Shah Khosru Khan, educated in India and a serving Major General of the [[Pakistan Army]]. However, the effective rule of Dir was taken by the Pakistani government's Political Agent.
==Aftermath==
A few years later, on 28 July 1969, the Dir state was incorporated into Pakistan, ceasing its political existence.<ref name = "dirbeauty">{{cite web| url=http://www.dirbeauty.webs.com/| title=Welcome To Dir State| author=Syed Ziafat Ali| access-date=2013-08-13}}</ref> The royal status of the Nawabs was abolished in 1972, at the same time as most other princes of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
<ref name="dirroyalfamily.blogspot.ae">{{cite web | url=http://dirroyalfamily.blogspot.ae/p/history.html | title=Dir Royal Family[Akhun khel]: History }}</ref>
{{reflist}}
Okumaya devam et...
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Dir campaign
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1959-1960
| place = [[Dir (princely state)|Dir state]]
| result = Pakistani/Opposition victory
* Overthrow of Nawab Jahan Khan
| combatant1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} [[Dir (princely state)|Dir opposition]]<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>[[File:Flag of Swat.svg|23px]] [[Swat (princely state)|Swat state]]
| combatant2 ={{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} [[Dir (princely state)|Dir state]]
| units1 ={{army|Pakistan}}
* [[File:Insignia of Pakistan Army Special Service Group (SSG).svg|17px]] [[Special Service Group|SSG]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Shariff Force<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Rakhman Gul Force
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} [[Dir Levies]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Maj.[[Mirza Aslam Beg| M.A Beg]] <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Maj. Aslam Beg <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Lt Col. A O Mitha <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Maj. Nishat Ahmed<br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Capt. S.M. Naeem <br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Lt. Fakhre Alam <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Sharrif Khan <br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Khosru Khan <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Rakhman Gul
| commander2 ={{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Nawab Jahan Khan <br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|border=}} Khan of Jandool
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 200+ soldiers killed
}}
'''Dir campaign''' refers to a conflict that took place in [[Dir (princely state)|Dir state]], originally an insurrection by locals against the rule of Nawab Jahan Khan that lead to the death of 200 soldiers of Nawab and unknown number of locals. This insurrection antagonized Pakistani government and it tried to negotiate the resignation of Nawab but no settlement was reached. This was followed by an invasion of the state by Pakistani SSG and overthrow of Nawab.
==Background==
On 8 Feb 1948, Dir acceded to the newly created Muslim dominion of Pakistan, initially continuing as one of the surviving [[princely states of Pakistan]].
The politics of the late Nawabs are described as reactionary and harsh.<ref name = "dirbeauty"/><ref>''Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan'', First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg xvii.</ref>
==State violence and underdevelopment==
It was reported by [[Fosco Maraini]] in 1959 during an expedition towards [[Hindu-Kush]], reported the opinion of the people that the Nawab Jahan Khan (who was about 64 years old at that time) was a tyrannical leader, denying his subjects any freedom of speech and instruction, governing the land with a number of henchmen, and seizing for his [[harem]] any girl or woman he wanted. Maraini also noticed the lack of schools, sewers, and paved roads, and the presence of just a rudimentary newly built hospital. The Nawab was negatively compared to the Wali of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]], whose liberal politics allowed his state to enter into the modern era.<ref name ="maraini">{{cite book
|last1=Maraini
|first1=Fosco
|title=Where four worlds meet: Hindu Kush, 1959
|year=1965
|publisher=Hamish Hamilton
|location=London
}}</ref>
==Civilian uprising==
As a consequence, uprisings began eventually to explode. A repressed revolt in 1959 was reported by Maraini's.<ref name ="maraini"/> Another insurrection in 1960 led to the death of 200 soldiers and put the Nawab in a bad light in the view of the press. Pakistani government put heavy pressure on the Nawab Jahan Khan to resign but no diplomatic success was reached.
==Pakistan military operation==
In October 1960, Two companies of the [[Special Service Group|SSG]] covertly in Scouts uniform launched an operation to overthrow the Nawab Jahan Khan and his son Khan of Jandool<ref name=Pakistan">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H.|title=Remembering Our Warriors: Brig. Shamim Yasin Manto|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/...site=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal Shamim|access-date=19 September 2017|location=Karachi|language=en-pk|date=February 2002|archive-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013050...l.com/2002/february/manto.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>.
First [[Special Service Group|SSG]] company operated from Chitral under the command of [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] Commanded [[Special Service Group|SSG]] alongside Shariff Force commanded by Brig M. Shariff<ref name=Pakistan"/>. They launched an assault on the town of Dir with the aim of overthinking Nawab Jahan Khan. Maj. Nishat Ahmed, Capt. S.M. Naeem and Lt. Fakhre Alam also participated in this operation. The overthrow was bloodless<ref name=Pakistan"/>.
The second [[Special Service Group|SSG]] company, commanded by Maj. Aslam Beg, operated in the area of Munda Killa alongside Rakhman Gul Force . It's aim was to capture Khan of Jandool. Lt Col. A O Mitha were part of this company<ref name=Pakistan"/>. They transported the Nawab and his son in to Risalpur via air<ref name=Pakistan"/>.
All the weapons of nawab were confiscated and constitutional government was established. Nawab shah Khesrao khan was recognised as the Nawab of Dir<ref name="dirroyalfamily.blogspot.ae"/>. The [[Special Service Group|SSG]] personnel remained in the area for a month<ref name=Pakistan"/>.
==Exile of Nawab==
General Yahya decided to exile Jahan Khan, who would die in 1968. His throne passed in October 1961 to his eldest son, Mohammad Shah Khosru Khan, educated in India and a serving Major General of the [[Pakistan Army]]. However, the effective rule of Dir was taken by the Pakistani government's Political Agent.
==Aftermath==
A few years later, on 28 July 1969, the Dir state was incorporated into Pakistan, ceasing its political existence.<ref name = "dirbeauty">{{cite web| url=http://www.dirbeauty.webs.com/| title=Welcome To Dir State| author=Syed Ziafat Ali| access-date=2013-08-13}}</ref> The royal status of the Nawabs was abolished in 1972, at the same time as most other princes of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
<ref name="dirroyalfamily.blogspot.ae">{{cite web | url=http://dirroyalfamily.blogspot.ae/p/history.html | title=Dir Royal Family[Akhun khel]: History }}</ref>
{{reflist}}
Okumaya devam et...