Judaea and Egypt: too complex to unpack fully
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 11:03, 10 May 2024 |
| Line 139: | Line 139: |
| When Caligula became emperor, he replaced the prefect of Egypt, [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], with [[Herod Agrippa]], a personal friend and governor of [[Batanaea]] and [[Trachonitis]].{{sfn|Josephus|loc=[[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 6|XVIII.6.10]]}}{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#V|V.25]]}} Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius and Gemellus, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' III.8, IV.21}} In 38, Caligula sent Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' V.26–28}} According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#VI|VI.43]]}} In Philo's account, a mob of Greeks broke into synagogues to erect statues of Caligula, against Jewish religious law. Flaccus responded by declaring the Jews "foreigners and aliens", and expelled them from all but one of Alexandria's five districts, where they lived under dreadful conditions. Philo gives an account of various atrocities inflicted on Alexandria's Jews within and around this ghetto by the city's Greek population.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#VII|VII.45]]}} Caligula held Flaccus responsible for the disturbances, exiled him, and eventually executed him.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#XXI|XXI.185]]}}{{sfn|Barrett|2015|pp=207-212}} | When Caligula became emperor, he replaced the prefect of Egypt, [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], with [[Herod Agrippa]], a personal friend and governor of [[Batanaea]] and [[Trachonitis]].{{sfn|Josephus|loc=[[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 6|XVIII.6.10]]}}{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#V|V.25]]}} Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius and Gemellus, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' III.8, IV.21}} In 38, Caligula sent Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' V.26–28}} According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#VI|VI.43]]}} In Philo's account, a mob of Greeks broke into synagogues to erect statues of Caligula, against Jewish religious law. Flaccus responded by declaring the Jews "foreigners and aliens", and expelled them from all but one of Alexandria's five districts, where they lived under dreadful conditions. Philo gives an account of various atrocities inflicted on Alexandria's Jews within and around this ghetto by the city's Greek population.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#VII|VII.45]]}} Caligula held Flaccus responsible for the disturbances, exiled him, and eventually executed him.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''Flaccus'' [[s:Flaccus#XXI|XXI.185]]}}{{sfn|Barrett|2015|pp=207-212}} |
| In 39, Agrippa accused his uncle [[Herod Antipas]], the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]], of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of [[Parthia]]. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.7.2}} Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks, when Jews who refused to worship the emperor as a god were accused of not honouring him.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.8.1}} In the Judaean city of [[Yavne|Jamnia]], resident Greeks built an insultingly shoddy altar to the [[Imperial cult of ancient Rome|Imperial cult]], using the cheapest possible materials. Jews immediately tore it down.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XXX|XXX.201]]}} In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish [[Temple of Jerusalem]],{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XXX|XXX.203]]}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |title=The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337 |date= |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-674-77886-3 |edition= |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=58 |chapter= |quote=}}</ref> a political, rather than a religious act for Rome, but deeply irreligious for the Jews, and in conflict with Jewish monotheism. In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his".{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XVI|XVI.115]]}} | In 39, Agrippa accused his uncle [[Herod Antipas]], the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]], of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of [[Parthia]]. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.7.2}} Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks, when Jews who refused to worship the emperor as a god were accused of not honouring him.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.8.1}} In the Judaean city of [[Yavne|Jamnia]], resident Greeks built an altar to the [[Imperial cult of ancient Rome|Imperial cult]]; Jews immediately tore it down.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XXX|XXX.201]]}} In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish [[Temple of Jerusalem]],{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XXX|XXX.203]]}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |title=The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337 |date= |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-674-77886-3 |edition= |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=58 |chapter= |quote=}}</ref> a political, rather than a religious act for Rome, but deeply irreligious for the Jews, and in conflict with Jewish monotheism. In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his".{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XVI|XVI.115]]}} |
| The [[Roman Governor|Governor]] of Syria, [[Publius Petronius]], fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XXXI|XXXI.213]]}} Agrippa eventually helped persuade Caligula to cancel the order.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.8.1}} Then Caligula changed his mind again, issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple of Jerusalem and threatened Petronius with forced suicide if he failed. In Rome, another colossal statue of himself was cast, gilded and despatched. According to Josephus, the ship carrying the second statue was still underway when news of Caligula's death reached Petronius, so that Caligula's plan was abandoned and the statue was never installed.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.8}} | The [[Roman Governor|Governor]] of Syria, [[Publius Petronius]], fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year.{{sfn|Philo|loc=''On the Embassy'' [[s:On the Embassy to Gaius#XXXI|XXXI.213]]}} Agrippa eventually helped persuade Caligula to cancel the order.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.8.1}} Then Caligula changed his mind again, issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple of Jerusalem and threatened Petronius with forced suicide if he failed. In Rome, another colossal statue of himself was cast, gilded and despatched. According to Josephus, the ship carrying the second statue was still underway when news of Caligula's death reached Petronius, so that Caligula's plan was abandoned and the statue was never installed.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=XVIII.8}} |
Okumaya devam et...