← Previous revision | Revision as of 14:05, 8 May 2024 |
| Line 215: | Line 215: |
| === Modern evolution === | === Modern evolution === |
| Burushaski is predominantly a spoken rather than a written language. One of the earlies examples of modern Burushaski literature was the poetry written by [[Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai|Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai]] a.k.a "Father of Burushaski", in the 1940s. He used the [[Urdu alphabet]] for doing so. Soon he realized that Urdu alphabet was not adequate and it lacked letters to represent unique Burushaski [[phoneme]]s. Thus he started a process of standardization and compilation of an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]-derived alphabet. In this process, new consonant letters such as ݼ [tsʰ], څ [ʈʂ], ڎ [ts], ݽ [ʂ], ڞ [ʈʂʰ], and ݣ [ŋ] were introduced.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir|author1-link=Elena Bashir | first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaping behavior of Burushaski characters and other Arabic additions in L2/06-149 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07264-arabic-shaping.pdf |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> A unique innovation also took place, as Burushaski writers started using [[Subscript and superscript|superscript]] [[Eastern Arabic numerals|Urdu numbers]] to indicate different stress patterns, tones, or length of verbs. For example, in Burushaski, the letter ـو (''waw'') represents a long vowel with a falling tone, "óo". The letter ـݸ (''waw'' with a superscript ''2'') represents a short vowel "o", and the letter ـݹ (''waw'' with a superscript 3) represents a long vowel with a rising tone, "oó".<ref name="b-u-dict-vol1" /> | Burushaski is predominantly a spoken rather than a written language. One of the earlies examples of modern Burushaski literature was the poetry written by [[Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai|Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai]] in the 1940s. He used the [[Urdu alphabet]] for doing so. Soon he realized that Urdu alphabet was not adequate and it lacked letters to represent unique Burushaski [[phoneme]]s. Thus he started a process of standardization and compilation of an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]-derived alphabet. In this process, new consonant letters such as ݼ [tsʰ], څ [ʈʂ], ڎ [ts], ݽ [ʂ], ڞ [ʈʂʰ], and ݣ [ŋ] were introduced.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir|author1-link=Elena Bashir | first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaping behavior of Burushaski characters and other Arabic additions in L2/06-149 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07264-arabic-shaping.pdf |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> A unique innovation also took place, as Burushaski writers started using [[Subscript and superscript|superscript]] [[Eastern Arabic numerals|Urdu numbers]] to indicate different stress patterns, tones, or length of verbs. For example, in Burushaski, the letter ـو (''waw'') represents a long vowel with a falling tone, "óo". The letter ـݸ (''waw'' with a superscript ''2'') represents a short vowel "o", and the letter ـݹ (''waw'' with a superscript 3) represents a long vowel with a rising tone, "oó".<ref name="b-u-dict-vol1" /> |
| Parallel to this, a Latin-derived orthography has been created as well, by Hermann Berger, whose romanization scheme has caught popularity among researchers and linguists. Both the Urdu-based orthography and the Latin-based orthography have been adopted by "Burushaski Research Academy". | Parallel to this, a Latin-derived orthography has been created as well, by Hermann Berger, whose romanization scheme has caught popularity among researchers and linguists. Both the Urdu-based orthography and the Latin-based orthography have been adopted by "Burushaski Research Academy". |
Okumaya devam et...