WP:Clarify per added WP:RS books. Also, as I stated, his Persian name should be in the parenthesis in the lede as he was Persian. This is the norm across Wikipedia articles where the name is stated in the subject origin's language (e.g. Nikola Tesla).
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 18:50, 29 April 2024 |
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| {{Short description|Assassin of the 2nd caliph Umar}} | å{{Short description|Assassin of the 2nd caliph Umar}} |
| {{For|other people named Firuz or Piruz|Feroz (disambiguation)}} | {{For|other people named Firuz or Piruz|Feroz (disambiguation)}} |
| {{good article}} | {{good article}} |
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| | nickname = Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn | | nickname = Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn |
| }} | }} |
| '''Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz''' ({{lang-ar|أبو لؤلؤة فيروز}}; from {{Text|[[Middle Persian]]: ''Pērōz''}}) was a [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Persian]] slave who assassinated [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] ({{reign|634|644}}), the [[Rashidun|second Islamic caliph]], in November 644. | '''Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz''' ({{lang-fa|پیروز نهاوندی|Piruz Nahâvandi}}; {{lang-ar|أبو لؤلؤة فيروز|Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz}}, from {{Text|[[Middle Persian]]: ''Pērōz''}}) was a [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Persian]] slave who assassinated [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] ({{reign|634|644}}), the [[Rashidun|second Islamic caliph]], in November 644. |
| After having been captured in battle during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia]], Abu Lu'lu'a was brought to [[Medina]], the then-capital of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], which was normally off-limits to non-[[Arabs|Arab]] captives. However, as a highly skilled craftsman, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed entrance into the city in order to work for the caliph. His motive for killing the caliph is not entirely clear, but medieval sources generally attribute it to a tax dispute. At one point, Abu Lu'lu'a is said to have asked the caliph to lift a tax imposed upon him by his Arab master, [[Al-Mughira|al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba]]. When Umar refused to lift the tax, Abu Lu'lu'a attacked him while he was leading the congregational prayer in the [[mosque]], stabbing him with a double-bladed dagger and leaving him mortally wounded. | After having been captured in battle during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia]], Abu Lu'lu'a was brought to [[Medina]], the then-capital of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], which was normally off-limits to non-[[Arabs|Arab]] captives. However, as a highly skilled craftsman, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed entrance into the city in order to work for the caliph. His motive for killing the caliph is not entirely clear, but medieval sources generally attribute it to a tax dispute. At one point, Abu Lu'lu'a is said to have asked the caliph to lift a tax imposed upon him by his Arab master, [[Al-Mughira|al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba]]. When Umar refused to lift the tax, Abu Lu'lu'a attacked him while he was leading the congregational prayer in the [[mosque]], stabbing him with a double-bladed dagger and leaving him mortally wounded. |
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| ==Name== | ==Name== |
| [[File:Abu-Lu'lu'ah.png|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Abu Lu'lu'a's name highlighted in red, MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CE]] | [[File:Abu-Lu'lu'ah.png|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Abu Lu'lu'a's name highlighted in red, MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CE]] |
| Abu Lu'lu'a's given name was most likely {{transliteration|fa|[[Pērōz]]}}, a [[Middle Persian]] name meaning "Victorious" and Arabicized in the extant sources as {{transliteration|ar|Fīrūz}} or {{transliteration|ar|Fayrūz}}.<ref>Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see {{harvnb|Ishkevari|Nejad|2008}}; {{harvnb|Pellat|2011}} ("Fērōz", an alternative [[transliteration]] of the same). {{harvnb|Calmard|1996|p=161}} and {{harvnb|Fischer|1980|p=16}} refer to him as "Firuz", while {{harvnb|Madelung|1997|p=75}} gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz". On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see {{harvnb|Chkeidze|2012}}; on its meaning "Victorious", see {{harvnb|Rezakhani|2017|p=78}}.</ref> However, in the early sources he is more commonly referred to by his Arabic {{transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} (either a [[Teknonymy|teknonym]] or a nickname) {{transliteration|ar|Abū Luʾluʾa}}, meaning "Father of Pearl".<ref>Cf. the usage in {{harvnb|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|1960–2007}}; {{harvnb|Pellat|2011}}; {{harvnb|Madelung|1997|pp=68–70, 75, 346}}; {{harvnb|El-Hibri|2010|pp=107–114 ''et pass.''}} In modern Persian this becomes {{transliteration|fa|Abō Loʾloʾ}} or {{transliteration|fa|Abū Luʾluʾ}} (see {{harvnb|Ishkevari|1994–2020}}), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by {{harvnb|Torab|2007}} or {{harvnb|Ishkevari|Nejad|2008}}).</ref> From the 16th or 17th century onward he also received the Arabic {{transliteration|ar|[[laqab]]}} (honorific nickname) {{transliteration|ar|Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn}} ({{lit|Father Courageous of the Faith}}), which was associated with the [[Omar Koshan|annual celebrations]] held in his honor in early modern [[Iran]] (see below).<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|1994|p=127, note 23}}; {{harvnb|Calmard|1996|p=161}}.</ref>{{clear}} | Abu Lu'lu'a's given name was most likely {{transliteration|fa|[[Pērōz]]}}, a [[Middle Persian]] name meaning "Victorious" and Arabicized in the extant sources as {{transliteration|ar|Fīrūz}} or {{transliteration|ar|Fayrūz}}.<ref>Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see {{harvnb|Ishkevari|Nejad|2008}}; {{harvnb|Pellat|2011}} ("Fērōz", an alternative [[transliteration]] of the same). {{harvnb|Calmard|1996|p=161}} and {{harvnb|Fischer|1980|p=16}} refer to him as "Firuz", while {{harvnb|Madelung|1997|p=75}} gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz". On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see {{harvnb|Chkeidze|2012}}; on its meaning "Victorious", see {{harvnb|Rezakhani|2017|p=78}}.</ref> However, in the early sources he is more commonly referred to by his Arabic {{transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} (either a [[Teknonymy|teknonym]] or a nickname) {{transliteration|ar|Abū Luʾluʾa}}, meaning "Father of Pearl".<ref>Cf. the usage in {{harvnb|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|1960–2007}}; {{harvnb|Pellat|2011}}; {{harvnb|Madelung|1997|pp=68–70, 75, 346}}; {{harvnb|El-Hibri|2010|pp=107–114 ''et pass.''}} In modern Persian this becomes {{transliteration|fa|Abō Loʾloʾ}} or {{transliteration|fa|Abū Luʾluʾ}} (see {{harvnb|Ishkevari|1994–2020}}), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by {{harvnb|Torab|2007}} or {{harvnb|Ishkevari|Nejad|2008}}).</ref> From the 16th or 17th century onward he also received the Arabic {{transliteration|ar|[[laqab]]}} (honorific nickname) {{transliteration|ar|Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn}} ({{lit|Father Courageous of the Faith}}), which was associated with the [[Omar Koshan|annual celebrations]] held in his honor in early modern [[Iran]] (see below).<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|1994|p=127, note 23}}; {{harvnb|Calmard|1996|p=161}}.</ref> Known as أبو لؤلؤة (Abū Luʾluʾa) in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], he is known as پیروز نهاوندی (Piruz Nahâvandi) in [[Persian language|Modern Persian]].<ref>https://www.google.com/books/editio...=piruz+nahavandi&pg=PT151&printsec=frontcover</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/editio...q=piruz+nahavandi&pg=PT17&printsec=frontcover</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/editio...n&gbpv=1&dq=پیروز+نهاوندی&printsec=frontcover</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/editio...&dq=پیروز+نهاوندی&pg=PT79&printsec=frontcover</ref>{{clear}} |
| ==Biography== | ==Biography== |
Okumaya devam et...