← Previous revision | Revision as of 08:41, 26 April 2024 |
| Line 1: | Line 1: |
| {{User sandbox}} | {{User sandbox}} |
| <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> | <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> |
| === Debate over influence upon Miltons ''Paradise Lost'' === | |
| In 1825 two English poets suggested Vondel's ''Lucifer'' influenced ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', the poem [[John Milton]] began composing in 1658, four years after the publication of ''Lucifer''. [[Robert Southey]] wrote, possibly at the suggestion of his friend the Dutch poet [[Willem Bilderdijk]], that Milton would have been familiar with both Vondel's ''Lucifer'' and his ''Adam in Exile''.<ref>Verstegen (2003), p. 541</ref> [[Thomas Lovell Beddoes]] restricts his assumption of Vondel's influence to ''Lucifer''. Milton knew some Dutch and may have had some interest in the Dutch opinion of Cromwell's revolution.<ref>Schenkeveld-Van der Dussen (2004), p. 300.</ref> According Milton's Dutch translator Peter Verstegen, however, Milton's mastery of Dutch was not sufficient to read Vondel's tragedies. Whenever Milton communicated with Dutchmen, the language was Latin. Milton would then be sooner familiar with [[Hugo de Groot|Grotius']] ''Adamus exul'' than with Vondel's emulation of that tragedy, ''Adam in Exile''.<ref name="Verstegen 2003, p. 543">Verstegen (2003), p. 543</ref> | |
| Yet in 1854 Rev. A. Fishel confirmed Beddoes's suggestion, prompting a debate between twelve Dutch, British, Germans, and French scholars that ran until 1903. In 1877 Critic [[Edmund Gosse]] published an essay on Vondel called ''A Dutch Milton'', in which he claimed that at least Book six of Milton's epic was influenced by ''Lucifer''.<ref name="Verstegen 2003, p. 542">Verstegen (2003), p. 542</ref> In 1885 the British clergyman [[George Edmundson]] published his book ''Milton and Vondel. A Curiosity of Literature'', in which he argued that ''Lucifer'' supplied the basis for Milton.<ref>Edmundson (1885), online.</ref> Ten years later, this claim was refuted by J.J. Moolhuizen in his dissertation "Vondel's Lucifer and Milton's Paradise Lost", written in Dutch (''Vondels Lucifer en Miltons Verloren Paradijs'', The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff publishers, 1895), written with, in the words of Vondel scholar Molkenboer, "a sense of justice only equalled by his sharp analytical insight."<ref>Molkenboer (1922), p. LXXIII.</ref> Moolhuizen showed that the so-called parallel verses by Vondel were of Edmundson's own making by way of additions and eliminations in his translation.<ref name="Verstegen 2003, p. 542" /> Molkenboer points out "the irony, that the laurel, offered our major poet so chivalrous by an Englishman for having fertilized Milton's genius, was rejected just as chivalrous by a Dutchman."<ref>Molkenboer (1922), p. LXXII-LXXIII.</ref> | |
| Since then, the consensus among Dutch scholars is that the similarities between the two works of literature are of too general a nature to speak of direct influence: Vondel and Milton just chose the same Biblical material to build upon.<ref>Smit (1959), p. 63.</ref> British historian J.L. Price states in neutral terms that Vondel in ''Lucifer'' treats the same problems as Milton does in ''Paradise Lost''.<ref>Price (1976), p. 93-94.</ref> As late as 1966 Charles Delmer Tate showed in his dissertation on Milton and Vondel that in the nineteenth century Vondel was still perfectly unknown in Britain and that before that century not one British library held a copy of his writings.<ref name="Verstegen 2003, p. 543" /> | |
| == Summary == | == Summary == |
| === Preface & Introduction === | === Preface & Introduction === |
| Line 23: | Line 16: |
| Discipline on the ship is lacking. Half the crew is unwell, including the captain. The ship's doctor resigned and now travels as a passenger. The provisions are poor. Yet the captain wants to keep the ship at sea, fearing the desertion of more crew members if he enters a harbor. The captain sets sail for Hytyhoo, a village on the island St. Christina, one of the Marquesas Islands, in the hope of picking up eight crew members who deserted some weeks before. | Discipline on the ship is lacking. Half the crew is unwell, including the captain. The ship's doctor resigned and now travels as a passenger. The provisions are poor. Yet the captain wants to keep the ship at sea, fearing the desertion of more crew members if he enters a harbor. The captain sets sail for Hytyhoo, a village on the island St. Christina, one of the Marquesas Islands, in the hope of picking up eight crew members who deserted some weeks before. |
| Less than 48 hours after leaving Nukuheva, the Julia arrives at St. Christina. The presence of a French man-of-war is enough assurance for the captain to anchor. Nevertheless, at night some of the men manage to abandon ship in two boats. The next day the runaways are retrieved, plus five men left behind on an earlier visit of the Julia. After dark, the Julia sails north to La Dominica, also known as Hivarhoo, to pick up some English sailors who had gone ashore there from an American whaler. | Less than 48 hours after leaving Nukuheva, the Julia arrives at St. Christina. The presence of a French man-of-war is enough assurance for the captain to anchor. Nevertheless, at night some of the men manage to abandon ship in two boats. The next day the runaways are retrieved, plus five men left behind on an earlier visit of the Julia. After dark, the Julia sails north to La Dominica, also known as Hivarhoo, to pick up some English sailors who had gone ashore there from an American whaler. Arriving in the bay of Hannamanoo, they meet Lem Hardy, a heavily tattooed white man living among the natives. He informs the crew that no other whites are on the island. But a native of the islands, Wymontoo, decides to enlist for the voyage. |
| Line 37: | Line 30: |
| * Bembo, a harpooner from New Zealand, a "Mowree" (Maori) | * Bembo, a harpooner from New Zealand, a "Mowree" (Maori) |
| * Beauty, the ship's carpenter, ugly both in countenance and in temper | * Beauty, the ship's carpenter, ugly both in countenance and in temper |
| * Lem Hardy, a white man, heavily tattooed in his face and living among the natives of the island La Dominica | |
| * Wymontoo, native of La Dominica, enlists as a crew member when the Julia lands there | |
| * two officers from a French corvette, missionaries, natives of the islands | * two officers from a French corvette, missionaries, natives of the islands |
Okumaya devam et...