Undid revision 1221011061 by Botushali (talk) TP
Okumaya devam et...
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| |religion =[[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Christian]]}} | |religion =[[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Christian]]}} |
| '''Thomas Preljubović''' ({{lang-sr|Тома Прељубовић|Toma Preljubović}}; {{lang-el|Θωμάς Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος|Thōmas Komnēnos Palaiologos}}) was [[Despot of Epirus|ruler]] of the [[Despotate of Epirus]] in [[Ioannina]] from 1366 to his death on December 23, 1384. Thomas gave himself the self-styled epithet of '''Albanian-slayer'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Osswald |first1=Brendan |title=The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus. S.G.Ellis; L.Klusakova. Imagining frontiers, contesting identities |date=2007 |publisher=Pisa University Press |isbn=978-88-8492-466-7 |page=139 |url=https://univ-tlse2.hal.science/hal-...rus was the melting,is that from 1200 onwards. |quote="nonetheless blames Thomas Preljubović for his anti-Albanian policy, ascribing to badness his self-styled epithet, the “Albanian-slayer”"}}</ref> ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Αλβανοκτόνος<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Steven G. |url= |title=Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities |last2=Klusáková |first2=Lud'a |date=2007 |publisher=Edizioni Plus |isbn=978-88-8492-466-7 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>/Αλβανιτόκτονος<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Oswald |first=Brendan |date=2011 |title=Citizenship in Medieval Ioannina |url=http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/08.pdf |access-date= |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112524/http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/08.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) after torturing Albanian prisoners in hopes of terrifying his enemies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | '''Thomas Preljubović''' ({{lang-sr|Тома Прељубовић|Toma Preljubović}}; {{lang-el|Θωμάς Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος|Thōmas Komnēnos Palaiologos}}) was [[Despot of Epirus|ruler]] of the [[Despotate of Epirus]] in [[Ioannina]] from 1366 to his death on December 23, 1384. He also held the title of '''Albanian-slayer''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Αλβανοκτόνος<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Steven G. |url= |title=Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities |last2=Klusáková |first2=Lud'a |date=2007 |publisher=Edizioni Plus |isbn=978-88-8492-466-7 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>/Αλβανιτόκτονος<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Oswald |first=Brendan |date=2011 |title=Citizenship in Medieval Ioannina |url=http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/08.pdf |access-date= |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112524/http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/08.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) after torturing Albanian prisoners in order to terrify his enemies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
| Thomas is remembered for presenting several outstanding icons to the monastery of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]] at [[Meteora]] and in [[Cuena]], in [[Spain]]. He also made gifts to the Athonite monasteries of [[Great Lavra]], [[Vatopedi]] and [[Hilandar]]. Preljubović was particularly attached to his namesake the apostle Thomas. In one of the icons at Meteora, a composition of [[Doubting Thomas]] includes Thomas' wife, [[Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina|Maria-Angelina]], among the apostles. It is possible that he was responsible for having the frescoes painted in the [[Hilandar]] [[parekklesion]] of the Holy Archangels, where in the lower zone, the apostle Thomas and the warrior St. Procopius occupy a prominent place.{{cn|date=March 2023}} | Thomas is remembered for presenting several outstanding icons to the monastery of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]] at [[Meteora]] and in [[Cuena]], in [[Spain]]. He also made gifts to the Athonite monasteries of [[Great Lavra]], [[Vatopedi]] and [[Hilandar]]. Preljubović was particularly attached to his namesake the apostle Thomas. In one of the icons at Meteora, a composition of [[Doubting Thomas]] includes Thomas' wife, [[Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina|Maria-Angelina]], among the apostles. It is possible that he was responsible for having the frescoes painted in the [[Hilandar]] [[parekklesion]] of the Holy Archangels, where in the lower zone, the apostle Thomas and the warrior St. Procopius occupy a prominent place.{{cn|date=March 2023}} |
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| Soon after taking possession of Ioannina, Thomas was unsuccessfully besieged by Albanian nobleman, [[Peter Losha|Pjetër Losha]] of Arta.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Thomas betrothed his daughter to Losha's son in 1370, satisfying the Albanians and ending conflicts.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} In 1374, Pjetër Losha died of the plague in Arta, after which [[John Spata|Gjin Bua Shpata]] took over the city.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} At this time he was not bound by agreement to Thomas; he laid [[Albanian-Epirote War (1374–1375)|siege to Ioannina]] and ravaged the country-side.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} Thomas brought peace when he betrothed his sister Helena to Gjin Bua Shpata the following year.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} Attacks on Ioannina continued, however, by the [[Malakasioi]], who were finally defeated by Thomas (1377 and 1379).{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} In May 1379, Gjin Bua Shpata devastated the country-side of Ioannina.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=147}} | Soon after taking possession of Ioannina, Thomas was unsuccessfully besieged by Albanian nobleman, [[Peter Losha|Pjetër Losha]] of Arta.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Thomas betrothed his daughter to Losha's son in 1370, satisfying the Albanians and ending conflicts.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} In 1374, Pjetër Losha died of the plague in Arta, after which [[John Spata|Gjin Bua Shpata]] took over the city.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} At this time he was not bound by agreement to Thomas; he laid [[Albanian-Epirote War (1374–1375)|siege to Ioannina]] and ravaged the country-side.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} Thomas brought peace when he betrothed his sister Helena to Gjin Bua Shpata the following year.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} Attacks on Ioannina continued, however, by the [[Malakasioi]], who were finally defeated by Thomas (1377 and 1379).{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=146}} In May 1379, Gjin Bua Shpata devastated the country-side of Ioannina.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=147}} |
| After repeated failure, Thomas turned for help to his Frankish and then his [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] neighbors. The latter responded promptly and dispatched an auxiliary force in 1381. Thomas put this force to good use and [[Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84)|conquered many fortresses from his enemies in 1381–1384]]. He styled himself with the epithet "Albanian-Slayer" (Αλβανοκτόνος, ''Albanoktonos'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Osswald |first1=Brendan |title=The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus. S.G.Ellis; L.Klusakova. Imagining frontiers, contesting identities |date=2007 |publisher=Pisa University Press |isbn=978-88-8492-466-7 |page=139 |url=https://univ-tlse2.hal.science/hal-...rus was the melting,is that from 1200 onwards. |quote="nonetheless blames Thomas Preljubović for his anti-Albanian policy, ascribing to badness his self-styled epithet, the “Albanian-slayer”"}}</ref> However, the Albanians under Gjin Bua Shpata, together with the [[Mazreku (Epirus)|Mazaraki]] tribe held their defensive positions and ultimately defeated Thomas once again.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Migrations_and_Invasions_in_Greece_and_A.html?id=_VBoAAAAMAAJ Hammond, 1976 & ps]''"The Albanians and in particular the Mazarakii of the Kalamas valley held firm against him. In 1385 he was assassinated by some of his own bodyguards"'' (Epeirotica 2.230), p. 59.</ref> | After repeated failure, Thomas turned for help to his Frankish and then his [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] neighbors. The latter responded promptly and dispatched an auxiliary force in 1381. Thomas put this force to good use and [[Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84)|conquered many fortresses from his enemies in 1381–1384]]. He was given the epithet "Albanian-Slayer" (Αλβανοκτόνος, ''Albanoktonos''). However, the Albanians under Gjin Bua Shpata, together with the Mazarakii tribe held their defensive positions and ultimately defeated Thomas once again.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Migrations_and_Invasions_in_Greece_and_A.html?id=_VBoAAAAMAAJ Hammond, 1976 & ps]''"The Albanians and in particular the Mazarakii of the Kalamas valley held firm against him. In 1385 he was assassinated by some of his own bodyguards"'' (Epeirotica 2.230), p. 59.</ref> |
| Nevertheless, Thomas had come to be on bad terms with his wife Maria, who participated in the subsequent conspiracy against her husband. On December 23, 1384, Thomas was assassinated by his guards.{{sfn|Sansaridou-Hendrickx|2017|p=289}} the population of Ioannina swore allegiance to Maria and invited her brother [[John Uroš]] Doukas Palaiologos to come and advise her in the government. | Nevertheless, Thomas had come to be on bad terms with his wife Maria, who participated in the subsequent conspiracy against her husband. On December 23, 1384, Thomas was assassinated by his guards.{{sfn|Sansaridou-Hendrickx|2017|p=289}} the population of Ioannina swore allegiance to Maria and invited her brother [[John Uroš]] Doukas Palaiologos to come and advise her in the government. |
Okumaya devam et...