Torotorobaaiji:
{{Short description|Birth of Krishna}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[Mahabharata]], [[Harivamsa]] and other [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] or ''Krishna Charitas'' agrees that '''Birth of Krishna''' took place in [[Mathura]], present— day [[Uttar Pradesh]] on [[Ashtami|eighth day]] of [[Krishna Paksha|''Krishna Paksha'']] of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]] month of [[Hindu calendar]] to [[Vasudeva|Vasudeva Anakdundubhi]] and his wife [[Devaki]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Mahak |date=2018-09-20 |title=The Story Of Lord Krishna's Birth & His Two Moms |url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/the-story-of-krishnas-two-moms/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=FirstCry Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lord Krishna in Hinduism {{!}} Story, Representation & Symbolism |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/lord-krishna-hinduism-legend-history.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> According to popular Hindu beliefs, [[Krishna]] was the eighth of ten [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], born in the ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara Yug]],'' the third age of present [[Hindu cosmology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Dwapara Yuga- Age of Rituals and Sacrifice |url=https://vedanshcraft.com/blogs/news/dwapara-yuga-age-of-rituals-and-sacrifice |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Vedansh Craft |language=en}}</ref> Krishna is many times revered as a supreme soul, and ultimate truth in many Hindu traditions, such as in, [[Krishnaism]] and [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=Krishnaism or The Vishnu-Cult |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc69201.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Birth_of_Krishna_(1890).jpg|thumb|224x224px|1890 painting of [[Raja Ravi Varma]], depicting birth of Krishna in the [[Prison|jail]] of [[Kamsa]]. Vasudeva, secretly taking [[Bala Krishna|baby Krishna]], from the prison to [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]].]]
Though, Krishna's original birth date is heavily disputed, many scholars believes that Krishna was probably born around [[3rd millennium BC|3rd millenium BCE]] or even earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Savitri |url=http://savitri.in/blogs/light-of-supreme/a-search-for-the-historical-krishna-by-ns-rajaram |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=savitri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tree |first=Speaking |date=2013-06-14 |title=Krishna The Historical Perspective |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/krishna-the-historical-perspective |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Speaking Tree |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dates And Events Of Incarnation Of Lord Krishna In Dvapura Yuga |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtr...f-Incarnation-Of-Lord-Krishna-In-Dvapura-Yuga |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> Born in Mathura,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthplace of Krishna: Beautiful experiences in Mathura {{!}} Times of India Travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com...ces-in-mathura/amp_trphotostory/103401946.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> in the prison of his maternal uncle ''[[Kamsa]]'', Krishna was taken to [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]], by his father in [[Braj|Brij]], through river Yamuna, on the night of his birth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-26 |title=Lord’s birth in unique night |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/lords-birth-in-unique-night/article36684412.ece |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Krishna was born with divinity, as he is regarded as the incarnation of [[Vishnu]], among Hindu traditions and beliefs.
Krishna's birth is celebrated on the eighth night of Bhadrapada month, every year as [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami {{!}} Celebration, Date, India, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janmashtami |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Dating ==
[[File
eity Krishna-Vasudeva on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria 190-180 BCE.jpg|thumb|Deity Krishna-Vasudeva on a coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] 190-180 BCE]]
Dating the birth of Krishna is a complex matter due to differing interpretations and historical accounts. According to Hindu tradition, Krishna was born on the eighth day (''[[Ashtami]]'') of the ''[[Paksha#Krishna Paksha|Krishna Paksha]]'' (dark fortnight) in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]] ([[August]]-[[September]]) of the Hindu lunar calendar. However, scholars and historians have proposed various dates based on astronomical calculations, historical references, and archaeological evidence.
One commonly cited astronomical calculation places Krishna's birth around 3228 BCE, as mentioned in the [[Surya Siddhanta]], an ancient Hindu astronomical text. This calculation is based on the position of stars and planetary positions described in the text.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-16 |title=Surya Siddhant- Ancient Astrology |url=https://pparihar.com/2015/02/16/surya-siddhant-ancient-astrology/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=HINDUISM AND SANATAN DHARMA |language=en}}</ref>
Another approach relies on historical references found in ancient texts such as the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. These texts provide genealogies, descriptions of celestial events, and references to historical figures that can be used to establish a timeline. Based on these references, some scholars suggest dates ranging from 3102 BCE to 3067 BCE for Krishna's birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time Line of Lord Krishna Supported by Science |url=https://www.stephen-knapp.com/time_line_of_lord_krishna.htm |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.stephen-knapp.com}}</ref>
Archaeological evidence has also been considered in dating Krishna's birth. Excavations and studies of ancient sites such as [[Dwarka]], associated with Krishna's kingdom, provide insights into the historical context of the Mahabharata period. However, correlating archaeological findings with specific events mentioned in the texts remains a subject of debate among scholars.
== Legends ==
=== Background ===
[[File:Vasudeva and Devaki traveling in a carriage..jpg|thumb|[[Vasudeva]] and [[Devaki]] marriage]]
The background of Krishna's birth is deeply rooted in [[Hindu mythology]] and [[Hindu texts|scripture]], particularly in the epic texts of the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. According to these texts, Krishna is considered to be the eighth avatar (incarnation) of [[Vishnu]], who is revered as the preserver in [[Hinduism]].The circumstances surrounding Krishna's birth are intricate and multifaceted. He was born in the [[Yadava|Yadava clan]], a prominent dynasty in ancient India, specifically in the city of Mathura. His parents were Vasudeva and Devaki, who were members of the Yadava royal family. Devaki's brother, Kamsa, was a tyrant king who had usurped the throne by overthrowing his father, [[Ugrasena]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamsa was the son of Ugrasena, of the Bhoja dynasty - Vaniquotes |url=https://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Kamsa_was_the_son_of_Ugrasena,_of_the_Bhoja_dynasty |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=vaniquotes.org}}</ref>
Kamsa, wants his sister to marry Vasudeva, an old friend of him, and prepared their marriage. However, a prophecy occured during marriage, that Devaki and Vasudev's eighth son would be the reason for Kamsa's death. A furious Kamsa, imprisoned his sister and her husband due to a prophecy that predicted he would be killed by Devaki's eighth child.To prevent the prophecy from coming true, Kamsa imprisoned Devaki and Vasudeva and killed their first six children as soon as they were born.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=Birth of Lord Krishna: A Story of Prophecy, Miracles, & Divine Love |url=https://shrinathdwara.in/birth-of-lord-krishna/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Krishna's divine birth ===
[[File:Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists - The Birth of Krishna.jpg|thumb|Krishna's divine birth]]
After killing Devaki's six sons, Kamsa becomes more cautious. Devaki secretly transfers her seventh son to Vasudeva's first wife [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]]'s womb, who born as [[Balarama|Balrama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-25 |title=How was Balarama born? What is the story behind that? |url=https://thesrinibash.wordpress.com/2018/08/25/how-was-balarama-born-what-is-the-story-behind-that/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Srinibash Samal |language=en}}</ref> As Devaki gave birth to Krishna, the prison where they were held became filled with celestial light, and the guards fell into a deep sleep. Simultaneously, the chains binding Vasudeva loosened, and the prison doors swung open miraculously. Understanding the gravity of the situation, Vasudeva carried the newborn Krishna across the raging [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] to safety in the nearby village of [[Gokul]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rai |first=Hakumat |date=1974-07-09 |title=The dynamics of potamoplankton populations in the River Yamuna. (Limnological studies on the River Yamuna at Delhi, India Part II) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/73/1974/492 |journal=Archiv für Hydrobiologie |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=492–517 |doi=10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/73/1974/492 |issn=0003-9136}}</ref>
[[File:India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting, 19th century - Vasudeva (Krishna's Father) Fleeing with the Infant Krishna Encounters a Co - 2003.153 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|[[India]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Kalighat painting]], 19th century - Vasudeva Fleeing with the Infant Krishna ]]
Upon reaching Gokul, Vasudeva exchanged Krishna with a baby girl born to Yashoda and Nanda, a cowherd couple, to protect Krishna from Kamsa's wrath. This act of divine subterfuge, known as the ''Yamuna crossing'' or ''Vasudeva crossing'', is a poignant symbol of Krishna's transcendence and the interplay between divinity and humanity. Vasudeva took the girl back to Kamsa's prison, who was actually a [[Maya (religion)|Maya]].
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Kamsa maya (1890).jpg|thumb|[[Raja Ravi Varma]], Kamsa's encounter with maya (1890)]]
When Vasudev returned to prison of Kamsa, everything becomes as it was. Kamsa "*****" the news of Devaki's eighth child's birth, but was shocked to see a girl instead of a son, as prophesied. Nevertheless, kamsa killed the girl child, but the child soon, comes into her true form and prophesied "the one who has to kill you, has already taken birth."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Kamsa is outwitted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/kamsa-is-outwitted/article65840348.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
=== Aftermath ===
[[File:KRISHNA KILLS KANSA.jpg|thumb|Krishna slays Kamsa]]
After the prophecy, a scared Kamsa tried many times to kill the [[Bala Krishna|baby Krishna]], such as by sending [[Putana]]. However, he failed at his every attempt to kill Krishna, as Krishna slayed every demon. Krishna was raised in Gokul, at the household of [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]], and during childhood was a naughty and playful child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 Krishna Stories: Exploring Krishna's Path of the Playful (Krishna Leela) |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/article/krishna-stories |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en}}</ref> During childhood, he was migrated several times and protected villagers from the tyranny of Kamsa. He then slayed Kamsa, at the age of eleven.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Did Krishna Kill Kamsa? |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/article/how-krishna-killed-kamsa |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en}}</ref>
== Sources ==
When discussing the sources of Krishna's birth, it's essential to draw from a variety of ancient Hindu texts and scriptures that form the basis of the narrative. These sources provide differing perspectives and interpretations of Krishna's birth, enriching our understanding of this pivotal event in [[Hindu mythology]].
[[Bhagavata Purana]] is one of the most significant sources for the story of Krishna's birth. It narrates the divine pastimes of Krishna, including his birth, childhood, and exploits as a divine avatar. The Bhagavata Purana offers intricate details and descriptions of the celestial events surrounding Krishna's birth, as well as his upbringing in Gokul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana); the story of Krishna |url=https://bhagavata.org/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bhagavata.org}}</ref> Another ancient epic, the [[Mahabharata]], contains references to Krishna's birth and his role in the larger narrative of the [[Kurukshetra War|Mahabharata war]]. While the Mahabharata focuses more on the political and social aspects of Krishna's life, it still provides valuable insights into the circumstances leading to his birth.[[Vishnu Purana]], dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]], contains sections related to Krishna's birth and his significance as an avatar of Vishnu. It elucidates the theological aspects of Krishna's birth and his divine nature.
[[Harivamsa]], often considered an appendix to the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa elaborates on the early life and genealogy of Krishna. It provides additional details about Krishna's birth and upbringing, expanding upon the narratives found in other texts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harivaṃśa {{!}} Indian literature {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harivamsa |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> While primarily known for its philosophical teachings, the [[Bhagavad Gita]], a section of the Mahabharata, also contains references to Krishna's divine nature and his role as an avatar. These references contribute to the overall understanding of Krishna's significance in Hindu theology.
Additionally, Various commentaries by scholars and saints throughout history offer insights and interpretations of Krishna's birth based on these ancient texts. These commentaries provide valuable perspectives and help contextualize the significance of Krishna's birth within the broader Hindu tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Krishna’s Birth from Srimad Bhagavata Purana |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/blog/sri-krishna-janmashtami/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Celebration ==
{{Main|Krishna Janmashtami|}}
=== India ===
[[Fileahi Handi Krishna Janamashtmi Janmashtmi festival.jpg|thumb|Dahi Handi, a popular [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] ritual]]
Krishna Janmashtami is a joyous and widely celebrated festival in India, commemorating the birth of Krishna. The festival typically falls in the month of [[August]] or [[September]], on the eighth day (Ashtami) of the Krishna Paksha (dark fortnight) in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar calendar]].
Throughout India, devotees observe Krishna Janmashtami with great fervor and enthusiasm. Preparations for the festival often begin weeks in advance, with temples and homes adorned with colorful decorations, lights, and floral arrangements. The celebration typically involves special prayers, devotional songs, and recitations from sacred texts, particularly the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the Bhagavata Purana, which recount the divine pastimes of Krishna. Many [[Temple|temples]] organize elaborate ceremonies, including the ''[[Abhisheka|Abhishekam]]'' (ritual bathing) of [[Bala Krishna|infant Krishna]] idols, followed by the offering of various sweets, fruits, and delicacies as prasad (sanctified food).
One of the highlights of Krishna Janmashtami is the midnight celebration, marking the exact moment of Krishna's birth. Devotees gather in temples and homes to sing devotional songs (bhajans) and perform traditional dances, such as the ''[[Raslila]]'', which depicts Krishna's divine play and exploits with his beloved devotees, especially the [[Gopi|Gopis]] (cowherd maidens). Another popular custom during Krishna Janmashtami is the [[Dahi Handi|''Dahi Handi'']] (or Matki Phod) festival, particularly in [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[North India]]. In this tradition, young men form human pyramids to reach and break clay pots filled with buttermilk, symbolizing Krishna's love for butter as a child.
Krishna Janmashtami transcends regional and cultural boundaries, uniting devotees from diverse backgrounds in celebration and devotion. It is a time of joy, reflection, and spiritual renewal, as people revere Krishna as the embodiment of divine love, wisdom, and compassion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami {{!}} Celebration, Date, India, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janmashtami |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
=== Outside India ===
Krishna Janmashtami is celebrated not only in India but also in various countries around the world, wherever there are significant Hindu communities. In countries such as [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], and many others, devotees observe Krishna Janmashtami with great enthusiasm and devotion. In these countries, temples dedicated to Krishna organize special events and ceremonies to mark the occasion. Devotees gather to sing devotional songs, participate in prayers and rituals, and listen to discourses on the life and teachings of Lord Krishna. The festivities often include cultural performances, such as dance dramas depicting Krishna's childhood exploits and divine pastimes.
In addition to temple celebrations, Hindu communities organize private gatherings in homes and community centers, where families and friends come together to observe Krishna Janmashtami with puja (worship), bhajans (devotional songs), and feasting on special delicacies prepared for the occasion. While the customs and traditions may vary slightly from one country to another, the essence of Krishna Janmashtami remains the same — a time for devotees to express their love and devotion to Lord Krishna, celebrate his divine birth, and seek his blessings for peace, prosperity, and spiritual enlightenment.
== See also ==
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Bala Krishna]]
* [[Vasudeva]]
* [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagvad Gita]]
* [[Harivamsa]]
== References ==
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|Birth of Krishna}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[Mahabharata]], [[Harivamsa]] and other [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] or ''Krishna Charitas'' agrees that '''Birth of Krishna''' took place in [[Mathura]], present— day [[Uttar Pradesh]] on [[Ashtami|eighth day]] of [[Krishna Paksha|''Krishna Paksha'']] of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]] month of [[Hindu calendar]] to [[Vasudeva|Vasudeva Anakdundubhi]] and his wife [[Devaki]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Mahak |date=2018-09-20 |title=The Story Of Lord Krishna's Birth & His Two Moms |url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/the-story-of-krishnas-two-moms/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=FirstCry Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lord Krishna in Hinduism {{!}} Story, Representation & Symbolism |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/lord-krishna-hinduism-legend-history.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> According to popular Hindu beliefs, [[Krishna]] was the eighth of ten [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], born in the ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara Yug]],'' the third age of present [[Hindu cosmology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Dwapara Yuga- Age of Rituals and Sacrifice |url=https://vedanshcraft.com/blogs/news/dwapara-yuga-age-of-rituals-and-sacrifice |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Vedansh Craft |language=en}}</ref> Krishna is many times revered as a supreme soul, and ultimate truth in many Hindu traditions, such as in, [[Krishnaism]] and [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=Krishnaism or The Vishnu-Cult |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc69201.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Birth_of_Krishna_(1890).jpg|thumb|224x224px|1890 painting of [[Raja Ravi Varma]], depicting birth of Krishna in the [[Prison|jail]] of [[Kamsa]]. Vasudeva, secretly taking [[Bala Krishna|baby Krishna]], from the prison to [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]].]]
Though, Krishna's original birth date is heavily disputed, many scholars believes that Krishna was probably born around [[3rd millennium BC|3rd millenium BCE]] or even earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Savitri |url=http://savitri.in/blogs/light-of-supreme/a-search-for-the-historical-krishna-by-ns-rajaram |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=savitri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tree |first=Speaking |date=2013-06-14 |title=Krishna The Historical Perspective |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/krishna-the-historical-perspective |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Speaking Tree |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dates And Events Of Incarnation Of Lord Krishna In Dvapura Yuga |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtr...f-Incarnation-Of-Lord-Krishna-In-Dvapura-Yuga |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> Born in Mathura,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthplace of Krishna: Beautiful experiences in Mathura {{!}} Times of India Travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com...ces-in-mathura/amp_trphotostory/103401946.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> in the prison of his maternal uncle ''[[Kamsa]]'', Krishna was taken to [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]], by his father in [[Braj|Brij]], through river Yamuna, on the night of his birth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-26 |title=Lord’s birth in unique night |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/lords-birth-in-unique-night/article36684412.ece |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Krishna was born with divinity, as he is regarded as the incarnation of [[Vishnu]], among Hindu traditions and beliefs.
Krishna's birth is celebrated on the eighth night of Bhadrapada month, every year as [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami {{!}} Celebration, Date, India, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janmashtami |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Dating ==
[[File
eity Krishna-Vasudeva on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria 190-180 BCE.jpg|thumb|Deity Krishna-Vasudeva on a coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] 190-180 BCE]]Dating the birth of Krishna is a complex matter due to differing interpretations and historical accounts. According to Hindu tradition, Krishna was born on the eighth day (''[[Ashtami]]'') of the ''[[Paksha#Krishna Paksha|Krishna Paksha]]'' (dark fortnight) in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]] ([[August]]-[[September]]) of the Hindu lunar calendar. However, scholars and historians have proposed various dates based on astronomical calculations, historical references, and archaeological evidence.
One commonly cited astronomical calculation places Krishna's birth around 3228 BCE, as mentioned in the [[Surya Siddhanta]], an ancient Hindu astronomical text. This calculation is based on the position of stars and planetary positions described in the text.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-16 |title=Surya Siddhant- Ancient Astrology |url=https://pparihar.com/2015/02/16/surya-siddhant-ancient-astrology/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=HINDUISM AND SANATAN DHARMA |language=en}}</ref>
Another approach relies on historical references found in ancient texts such as the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. These texts provide genealogies, descriptions of celestial events, and references to historical figures that can be used to establish a timeline. Based on these references, some scholars suggest dates ranging from 3102 BCE to 3067 BCE for Krishna's birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time Line of Lord Krishna Supported by Science |url=https://www.stephen-knapp.com/time_line_of_lord_krishna.htm |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.stephen-knapp.com}}</ref>
Archaeological evidence has also been considered in dating Krishna's birth. Excavations and studies of ancient sites such as [[Dwarka]], associated with Krishna's kingdom, provide insights into the historical context of the Mahabharata period. However, correlating archaeological findings with specific events mentioned in the texts remains a subject of debate among scholars.
== Legends ==
=== Background ===
[[File:Vasudeva and Devaki traveling in a carriage..jpg|thumb|[[Vasudeva]] and [[Devaki]] marriage]]
The background of Krishna's birth is deeply rooted in [[Hindu mythology]] and [[Hindu texts|scripture]], particularly in the epic texts of the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. According to these texts, Krishna is considered to be the eighth avatar (incarnation) of [[Vishnu]], who is revered as the preserver in [[Hinduism]].The circumstances surrounding Krishna's birth are intricate and multifaceted. He was born in the [[Yadava|Yadava clan]], a prominent dynasty in ancient India, specifically in the city of Mathura. His parents were Vasudeva and Devaki, who were members of the Yadava royal family. Devaki's brother, Kamsa, was a tyrant king who had usurped the throne by overthrowing his father, [[Ugrasena]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamsa was the son of Ugrasena, of the Bhoja dynasty - Vaniquotes |url=https://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Kamsa_was_the_son_of_Ugrasena,_of_the_Bhoja_dynasty |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=vaniquotes.org}}</ref>
Kamsa, wants his sister to marry Vasudeva, an old friend of him, and prepared their marriage. However, a prophecy occured during marriage, that Devaki and Vasudev's eighth son would be the reason for Kamsa's death. A furious Kamsa, imprisoned his sister and her husband due to a prophecy that predicted he would be killed by Devaki's eighth child.To prevent the prophecy from coming true, Kamsa imprisoned Devaki and Vasudeva and killed their first six children as soon as they were born.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=Birth of Lord Krishna: A Story of Prophecy, Miracles, & Divine Love |url=https://shrinathdwara.in/birth-of-lord-krishna/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Krishna's divine birth ===
[[File:Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists - The Birth of Krishna.jpg|thumb|Krishna's divine birth]]
After killing Devaki's six sons, Kamsa becomes more cautious. Devaki secretly transfers her seventh son to Vasudeva's first wife [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]]'s womb, who born as [[Balarama|Balrama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-25 |title=How was Balarama born? What is the story behind that? |url=https://thesrinibash.wordpress.com/2018/08/25/how-was-balarama-born-what-is-the-story-behind-that/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Srinibash Samal |language=en}}</ref> As Devaki gave birth to Krishna, the prison where they were held became filled with celestial light, and the guards fell into a deep sleep. Simultaneously, the chains binding Vasudeva loosened, and the prison doors swung open miraculously. Understanding the gravity of the situation, Vasudeva carried the newborn Krishna across the raging [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] to safety in the nearby village of [[Gokul]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rai |first=Hakumat |date=1974-07-09 |title=The dynamics of potamoplankton populations in the River Yamuna. (Limnological studies on the River Yamuna at Delhi, India Part II) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/73/1974/492 |journal=Archiv für Hydrobiologie |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=492–517 |doi=10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/73/1974/492 |issn=0003-9136}}</ref>
[[File:India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting, 19th century - Vasudeva (Krishna's Father) Fleeing with the Infant Krishna Encounters a Co - 2003.153 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|[[India]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Kalighat painting]], 19th century - Vasudeva Fleeing with the Infant Krishna ]]
Upon reaching Gokul, Vasudeva exchanged Krishna with a baby girl born to Yashoda and Nanda, a cowherd couple, to protect Krishna from Kamsa's wrath. This act of divine subterfuge, known as the ''Yamuna crossing'' or ''Vasudeva crossing'', is a poignant symbol of Krishna's transcendence and the interplay between divinity and humanity. Vasudeva took the girl back to Kamsa's prison, who was actually a [[Maya (religion)|Maya]].
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Kamsa maya (1890).jpg|thumb|[[Raja Ravi Varma]], Kamsa's encounter with maya (1890)]]
When Vasudev returned to prison of Kamsa, everything becomes as it was. Kamsa "*****" the news of Devaki's eighth child's birth, but was shocked to see a girl instead of a son, as prophesied. Nevertheless, kamsa killed the girl child, but the child soon, comes into her true form and prophesied "the one who has to kill you, has already taken birth."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Kamsa is outwitted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/kamsa-is-outwitted/article65840348.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
=== Aftermath ===
[[File:KRISHNA KILLS KANSA.jpg|thumb|Krishna slays Kamsa]]
After the prophecy, a scared Kamsa tried many times to kill the [[Bala Krishna|baby Krishna]], such as by sending [[Putana]]. However, he failed at his every attempt to kill Krishna, as Krishna slayed every demon. Krishna was raised in Gokul, at the household of [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]], and during childhood was a naughty and playful child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 Krishna Stories: Exploring Krishna's Path of the Playful (Krishna Leela) |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/article/krishna-stories |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en}}</ref> During childhood, he was migrated several times and protected villagers from the tyranny of Kamsa. He then slayed Kamsa, at the age of eleven.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Did Krishna Kill Kamsa? |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/article/how-krishna-killed-kamsa |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en}}</ref>
== Sources ==
When discussing the sources of Krishna's birth, it's essential to draw from a variety of ancient Hindu texts and scriptures that form the basis of the narrative. These sources provide differing perspectives and interpretations of Krishna's birth, enriching our understanding of this pivotal event in [[Hindu mythology]].
[[Bhagavata Purana]] is one of the most significant sources for the story of Krishna's birth. It narrates the divine pastimes of Krishna, including his birth, childhood, and exploits as a divine avatar. The Bhagavata Purana offers intricate details and descriptions of the celestial events surrounding Krishna's birth, as well as his upbringing in Gokul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana); the story of Krishna |url=https://bhagavata.org/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bhagavata.org}}</ref> Another ancient epic, the [[Mahabharata]], contains references to Krishna's birth and his role in the larger narrative of the [[Kurukshetra War|Mahabharata war]]. While the Mahabharata focuses more on the political and social aspects of Krishna's life, it still provides valuable insights into the circumstances leading to his birth.[[Vishnu Purana]], dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]], contains sections related to Krishna's birth and his significance as an avatar of Vishnu. It elucidates the theological aspects of Krishna's birth and his divine nature.
[[Harivamsa]], often considered an appendix to the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa elaborates on the early life and genealogy of Krishna. It provides additional details about Krishna's birth and upbringing, expanding upon the narratives found in other texts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harivaṃśa {{!}} Indian literature {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harivamsa |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> While primarily known for its philosophical teachings, the [[Bhagavad Gita]], a section of the Mahabharata, also contains references to Krishna's divine nature and his role as an avatar. These references contribute to the overall understanding of Krishna's significance in Hindu theology.
Additionally, Various commentaries by scholars and saints throughout history offer insights and interpretations of Krishna's birth based on these ancient texts. These commentaries provide valuable perspectives and help contextualize the significance of Krishna's birth within the broader Hindu tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Krishna’s Birth from Srimad Bhagavata Purana |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/blog/sri-krishna-janmashtami/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Celebration ==
{{Main|Krishna Janmashtami|}}
=== India ===
[[File
ahi Handi Krishna Janamashtmi Janmashtmi festival.jpg|thumb|Dahi Handi, a popular [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] ritual]]Krishna Janmashtami is a joyous and widely celebrated festival in India, commemorating the birth of Krishna. The festival typically falls in the month of [[August]] or [[September]], on the eighth day (Ashtami) of the Krishna Paksha (dark fortnight) in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar calendar]].
Throughout India, devotees observe Krishna Janmashtami with great fervor and enthusiasm. Preparations for the festival often begin weeks in advance, with temples and homes adorned with colorful decorations, lights, and floral arrangements. The celebration typically involves special prayers, devotional songs, and recitations from sacred texts, particularly the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the Bhagavata Purana, which recount the divine pastimes of Krishna. Many [[Temple|temples]] organize elaborate ceremonies, including the ''[[Abhisheka|Abhishekam]]'' (ritual bathing) of [[Bala Krishna|infant Krishna]] idols, followed by the offering of various sweets, fruits, and delicacies as prasad (sanctified food).
One of the highlights of Krishna Janmashtami is the midnight celebration, marking the exact moment of Krishna's birth. Devotees gather in temples and homes to sing devotional songs (bhajans) and perform traditional dances, such as the ''[[Raslila]]'', which depicts Krishna's divine play and exploits with his beloved devotees, especially the [[Gopi|Gopis]] (cowherd maidens). Another popular custom during Krishna Janmashtami is the [[Dahi Handi|''Dahi Handi'']] (or Matki Phod) festival, particularly in [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[North India]]. In this tradition, young men form human pyramids to reach and break clay pots filled with buttermilk, symbolizing Krishna's love for butter as a child.
Krishna Janmashtami transcends regional and cultural boundaries, uniting devotees from diverse backgrounds in celebration and devotion. It is a time of joy, reflection, and spiritual renewal, as people revere Krishna as the embodiment of divine love, wisdom, and compassion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami {{!}} Celebration, Date, India, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janmashtami |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
=== Outside India ===
Krishna Janmashtami is celebrated not only in India but also in various countries around the world, wherever there are significant Hindu communities. In countries such as [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], and many others, devotees observe Krishna Janmashtami with great enthusiasm and devotion. In these countries, temples dedicated to Krishna organize special events and ceremonies to mark the occasion. Devotees gather to sing devotional songs, participate in prayers and rituals, and listen to discourses on the life and teachings of Lord Krishna. The festivities often include cultural performances, such as dance dramas depicting Krishna's childhood exploits and divine pastimes.
In addition to temple celebrations, Hindu communities organize private gatherings in homes and community centers, where families and friends come together to observe Krishna Janmashtami with puja (worship), bhajans (devotional songs), and feasting on special delicacies prepared for the occasion. While the customs and traditions may vary slightly from one country to another, the essence of Krishna Janmashtami remains the same — a time for devotees to express their love and devotion to Lord Krishna, celebrate his divine birth, and seek his blessings for peace, prosperity, and spiritual enlightenment.
== See also ==
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Bala Krishna]]
* [[Vasudeva]]
* [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagvad Gita]]
* [[Harivamsa]]
== References ==
Okumaya devam et...