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| | today = {{unbulleted list|[[Djibouti]]|[[Ethiopia]]|[[Somalia]] {{small|(''[[de jure]]'')}}<br /> '''∟''' [[Somaliland]] {{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}}}} | |
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| The '''Adal Sultanate''' also known as the '''Adal Empire''', or '''Bar Saʿad dīn''' (alt. spelling ''Adel Sultanate, ''Adal ''Sultanate'') ({{Lang-ar|سلطنة عدل}}) was a medieval [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] [[Empire]] which was located in the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ta'a |first1=Tesema |title="Bribing the Land": An Appraisal of the Farming Systems of the Maccaa Oromo in Wallagga |journal=Northeast African Studies |year=2002 |volume=9 |issue=3 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=99 |doi=10.1353/nas.2007.0016 |jstor=41931282 |s2cid=201750719 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931282}}</ref> It was founded by [[Sabr ad-Din III]] on the [[Harar]] plateau in [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]] after the fall of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Hussein |title=Reflections on Historical and Contemporary Islam in Ethiopia and Somalia: A Comparative and Contrastive Overview |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |year=2007 |volume=40 |issue=1/2 |publisher=Institute of Ethiopian Studies |page=264 |jstor=41988230 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41988230}}</ref> The kingdom flourished {{Circa|1415}} to 1577.<ref name="The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile">{{harvnb|Elrich|2001|p=36}}.</ref> At its height, the polity under Sultan [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din|Badlay]] controlled the territory stretching from [[Cape Guardafui]] in [[Somalia]] to the port city of [[Suakin]] in [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradines |first1=Stéphane |title=Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa From Timbuktu to Zanzibar |date=7 November 2022 |publisher=BRILL |page=127 |isbn=9789004472617 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1ebEAAAQBAJ&dq=suakin+adal&pg=PA127}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |page=33 |isbn=9783825856717 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H...e+of+its+greatest+expansion+comprised&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Travis |title=BELEAGUERED MUSLIM FORTRESSES AND ETHIOPIAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION FROM THE 13TH TO THE 16TH CENTURY |publisher=NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL |page=23 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fullt...490.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pouwels |first1=Randall |title=The History of Islam in Africa |date=31 March 2000 |publisher=Ohio University Press |page=229 |isbn=9780821444610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&q=Sawakin+adal&pg=PA229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leo |first1=Africanus |url=http://archive.org/details/historyanddescr03porygoog |title=The history and description of Africa |last2=Pory |first2=John |last3=Brown |first3=Robert |date=1896 |publisher=London, Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=Harvard University |pages=51–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Mohamed |title=The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History, 1570-1860. |location= |pages=35}}</ref> The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salvadore|first1=Matteo|title=The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations, 1402–1555|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317045465|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ5qDAAAQBAJ|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Sultanate of Adal was alternatively known as the [[Zeila (historical region)|federation of Zeila]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brill |first1=E. J. |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg · Volume 1 |year=1993 |publisher=Brill |page=126 |isbn=9789004097872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&dq=adal+or+zaila&pg=PA126}}</ref> | The '''Adal Sultanate''' also known as the '''Adal Empire''', or '''Bar Saʿad dīn''' (alt. spelling ''Adel Sultanate, ''Adal ''Sultanate'') ({{Lang-ar|سلطنة عدل}}) was a medieval [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] [[Empire]] which was located in the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ta'a |first1=Tesema |title="Bribing the Land": An Appraisal of the Farming Systems of the Maccaa Oromo in Wallagga |journal=Northeast African Studies |year=2002 |volume=9 |issue=3 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=99 |doi=10.1353/nas.2007.0016 |jstor=41931282 |s2cid=201750719 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931282}}</ref> It was founded by [[Sabr ad-Din III]] on the [[Harar]] plateau in [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]] after the fall of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Hussein |title=Reflections on Historical and Contemporary Islam in Ethiopia and Somalia: A Comparative and Contrastive Overview |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |year=2007 |volume=40 |issue=1/2 |publisher=Institute of Ethiopian Studies |page=264 |jstor=41988230 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41988230}}</ref> The kingdom flourished {{Circa|1415}} to 1577.<ref name="The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile">{{harvnb|Elrich|2001|p=36}}.</ref> At its height, the polity under Sultan [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din|Badlay]] controlled the territory stretching from [[Cape Guardafui]] in [[Somalia]] to the port city of [[Suakin]] in [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradines |first1=Stéphane |title=Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa From Timbuktu to Zanzibar |date=7 November 2022 |publisher=BRILL |page=127 |isbn=9789004472617 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1ebEAAAQBAJ&dq=suakin+adal&pg=PA127}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |page=33 |isbn=9783825856717 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H...e+of+its+greatest+expansion+comprised&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Travis |title=BELEAGUERED MUSLIM FORTRESSES AND ETHIOPIAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION FROM THE 13TH TO THE 16TH CENTURY |publisher=NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL |page=23 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fullt...490.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pouwels |first1=Randall |title=The History of Islam in Africa |date=31 March 2000 |publisher=Ohio University Press |page=229 |isbn=9780821444610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&q=Sawakin+adal&pg=PA229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leo |first1=Africanus |url=http://archive.org/details/historyanddescr03porygoog |title=The history and description of Africa |last2=Pory |first2=John |last3=Brown |first3=Robert |date=1896 |publisher=London, Printed for the Hakluyt society |others=Harvard University |pages=51–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Mohamed |title=The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History, 1570-1860. |location= |pages=35}}</ref> The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salvadore|first1=Matteo|title=The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations, 1402–1555|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317045465|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ5qDAAAQBAJ|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Sultanate of Adal was alternatively known as the [[Zeila (historical region)|federation of Zeila]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brill |first1=E. J. |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg · Volume 1 |year=1993 |publisher=Brill |page=126 |isbn=9789004097872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&dq=adal+or+zaila&pg=PA126}}</ref> |
Okumaya devam et...