Pogenplain:
'''{{History of literature by era}}Zoroastrian literature''' is the corpus of literary texts produced within the religious tradition of [[Zoroastrianism]]. These texts span the languages of [[Avestan]], named after the famous Zoroastrian work known as the [[Avesta]], and [[Middle Persian]] (Pahlavi), which includes a range of [[Middle Persian literature]].
== Avesta ==
The [[Avesta]] is the oldest extant primary source of Zoroastrian literature, although the term "Avesta" designates not one text but a group of texts written in the [[Old Iranian]] language called [[Avestan]], attested from the 2nd to 1st millennia BC. The types of manuscripts preserve Avestan texts, the oldest of which dates to the 13th century AD: those liturgical manuscripts which combine passages from various Avestan texts alongside ritual instructions in various languages such as [[Pahlavi]], and those which simply present the text alongside a Pahlavi translation/commentary, an example of the latter being the [[Zend]].{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=519}} The former category can be further subdivided into long and short liturgies.
The following list of manuscripts is taken from Andrés-Toledo 2015.{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=519–523}}
=== Liturgical manuscripts ===
==== Long liturgies ====
* [[Yasna]]
* [[Yasna ī Rapiθwin]]
* [[Visperad|Vīsprad]]
* [[Vendidad|Vīdēvdād]]
* [[Vīštāsp Yašt]]
===== Short liturgies =====
* [[Khordeh Avesta]]
** [[Niyāyišn]]
** [[Gāh]]
** [[Āfrīnagān]]
** [[Sīh‐rōzag]]
* [[Yasht|Yašts]] (a group of 21 hymns, such as the [[Ohrmazd Yašt]])
=== Manuscripts companied by translations ===
* [[Āfrīn ī Zardušt]]
* [[Aogəmadaecā]]
* [[Frahang-i Oim-evak|Frahang ī ōīm]]
* [[Hāδōxt Nask]]
* [[Herbedestān and Nerangestān]]
* [[Nerang ī āta(x)š]]
* [[Pursišnīhā]]
* [[Vaēθā Nask]]
== Middle Persian ==
{{Main|Middle Persian literature|Pahlavi scripts}}
Most Sassanid (224–651 AD) and post-Sassanid Zoroastrian literature was composed in [[Middle Persian]]. These texts span four alphabets: [[Inscriptional Middle Persian]], [[Book Pahlavi]], Avestan (Pāzand texts), and New Persian. Literary activity in [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian]] can be divided into three phases: a Sasanian Middle Persian (3rd to 7th centuries AD), Classical Middle Persian (8th to 10th centuries), and Late MIddle Persian and Neo-Pahlavi (11th to 19th centuries).{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=523–524}}
The following list of texts is taken from Andrés-Toledo 2015.{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=524–528}}
=== Sasanian Middle Persian ===
* Various inscriptions (especially of the 3rd-century priest [[Kartir]]) and Pahlavi translations and commentaries of Avestan texts
=== Classical Middle Persian ===
* [[Book of Arda Viraf]]
* [[Jamasp Namag]]
* [[Čīdag Andarz ī Pōryōtkēšān]]
* [[Čim ī Kustīg]]
* [[Dadestan-i Denig]]
* [[Dādestān ī Mēnōg ī Xrad]]
* [[Denkard]]
* [[Bundahishn]]
* [[Mādayān ī Gizistag Abāliš]]
* [[Nāmagīhā ī Manuščihr]]
* [[Pahlavi Rivāyat]]
* [[Rivāyat of Ādurfarrbag ī Farroxzādān]]
* [[Rivāyat of Ēmēdī Ašwahištān]]
* [[Šayest-nē-šāyest]]
* [[Shikand-gumanig Vizar|Škand-gumānīg Wizār]]
* [[Wizidagiha-i Zadspram]]
* [[Zand-i Wahman yasn|Zand ī Wahman Yasn]]
=== Late Middle Persian ===
* Colophons
* [[Nērangs]]
=== Neo-Pahlavi ===
* Late redactions and recompositions of earlier texts
* [[Wizirgerd ī Dēnīg]]
== See more ==
* [[Pazend]]
* [[Zoroastrian cosmology]]
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Andrés-Toledo |first=Miguel Ángel |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |pages=519–528 |chapter=Primary Sources: Avestan and Pahlavi |editor-last2=Vevaina |editor-first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/33077295/Andrés_Toledo_M_Á_2015_Primary_Sources_Avestan_and_Pahlavi_}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Daniel J. |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |date=2015a |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |pages=529–542 |chapter=Primary Sources: New Persian |editor-last2=Vevaina |editor-first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/13429002/P..._Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Daniel J. |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |date=2015b |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |pages=543–554 |chapter=Primary Sources: Gujarati |editor-last2=Vevaina |editor-first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/13429034/P..._Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_}}
== External links ==
* [https://ada.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/ Avestan Digital Archive]
* [https://www.iranicaonline.org/ Encyclopedia Iranica]
[[Category:Middle Persian literature]]
[[Category:Zoroastrian texts]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism]]
Okumaya devam et...
'''{{History of literature by era}}Zoroastrian literature''' is the corpus of literary texts produced within the religious tradition of [[Zoroastrianism]]. These texts span the languages of [[Avestan]], named after the famous Zoroastrian work known as the [[Avesta]], and [[Middle Persian]] (Pahlavi), which includes a range of [[Middle Persian literature]].
== Avesta ==
The [[Avesta]] is the oldest extant primary source of Zoroastrian literature, although the term "Avesta" designates not one text but a group of texts written in the [[Old Iranian]] language called [[Avestan]], attested from the 2nd to 1st millennia BC. The types of manuscripts preserve Avestan texts, the oldest of which dates to the 13th century AD: those liturgical manuscripts which combine passages from various Avestan texts alongside ritual instructions in various languages such as [[Pahlavi]], and those which simply present the text alongside a Pahlavi translation/commentary, an example of the latter being the [[Zend]].{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=519}} The former category can be further subdivided into long and short liturgies.
The following list of manuscripts is taken from Andrés-Toledo 2015.{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=519–523}}
=== Liturgical manuscripts ===
==== Long liturgies ====
* [[Yasna]]
* [[Yasna ī Rapiθwin]]
* [[Visperad|Vīsprad]]
* [[Vendidad|Vīdēvdād]]
* [[Vīštāsp Yašt]]
===== Short liturgies =====
* [[Khordeh Avesta]]
** [[Niyāyišn]]
** [[Gāh]]
** [[Āfrīnagān]]
** [[Sīh‐rōzag]]
* [[Yasht|Yašts]] (a group of 21 hymns, such as the [[Ohrmazd Yašt]])
=== Manuscripts companied by translations ===
* [[Āfrīn ī Zardušt]]
* [[Aogəmadaecā]]
* [[Frahang-i Oim-evak|Frahang ī ōīm]]
* [[Hāδōxt Nask]]
* [[Herbedestān and Nerangestān]]
* [[Nerang ī āta(x)š]]
* [[Pursišnīhā]]
* [[Vaēθā Nask]]
== Middle Persian ==
{{Main|Middle Persian literature|Pahlavi scripts}}
Most Sassanid (224–651 AD) and post-Sassanid Zoroastrian literature was composed in [[Middle Persian]]. These texts span four alphabets: [[Inscriptional Middle Persian]], [[Book Pahlavi]], Avestan (Pāzand texts), and New Persian. Literary activity in [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian]] can be divided into three phases: a Sasanian Middle Persian (3rd to 7th centuries AD), Classical Middle Persian (8th to 10th centuries), and Late MIddle Persian and Neo-Pahlavi (11th to 19th centuries).{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=523–524}}
The following list of texts is taken from Andrés-Toledo 2015.{{Sfn|Andrés-Toledo|2015|p=524–528}}
=== Sasanian Middle Persian ===
* Various inscriptions (especially of the 3rd-century priest [[Kartir]]) and Pahlavi translations and commentaries of Avestan texts
=== Classical Middle Persian ===
* [[Book of Arda Viraf]]
* [[Jamasp Namag]]
* [[Čīdag Andarz ī Pōryōtkēšān]]
* [[Čim ī Kustīg]]
* [[Dadestan-i Denig]]
* [[Dādestān ī Mēnōg ī Xrad]]
* [[Denkard]]
* [[Bundahishn]]
* [[Mādayān ī Gizistag Abāliš]]
* [[Nāmagīhā ī Manuščihr]]
* [[Pahlavi Rivāyat]]
* [[Rivāyat of Ādurfarrbag ī Farroxzādān]]
* [[Rivāyat of Ēmēdī Ašwahištān]]
* [[Šayest-nē-šāyest]]
* [[Shikand-gumanig Vizar|Škand-gumānīg Wizār]]
* [[Wizidagiha-i Zadspram]]
* [[Zand-i Wahman yasn|Zand ī Wahman Yasn]]
=== Late Middle Persian ===
* Colophons
* [[Nērangs]]
=== Neo-Pahlavi ===
* Late redactions and recompositions of earlier texts
* [[Wizirgerd ī Dēnīg]]
== See more ==
* [[Pazend]]
* [[Zoroastrian cosmology]]
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Andrés-Toledo |first=Miguel Ángel |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |pages=519–528 |chapter=Primary Sources: Avestan and Pahlavi |editor-last2=Vevaina |editor-first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/33077295/Andrés_Toledo_M_Á_2015_Primary_Sources_Avestan_and_Pahlavi_}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Daniel J. |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |date=2015a |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |pages=529–542 |chapter=Primary Sources: New Persian |editor-last2=Vevaina |editor-first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/13429002/P..._Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Daniel J. |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |date=2015b |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |pages=543–554 |chapter=Primary Sources: Gujarati |editor-last2=Vevaina |editor-first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/13429034/P..._Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_}}
== External links ==
* [https://ada.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/ Avestan Digital Archive]
* [https://www.iranicaonline.org/ Encyclopedia Iranica]
[[Category:Middle Persian literature]]
[[Category:Zoroastrian texts]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism]]
Okumaya devam et...