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| In the 7th century, the [[History of Islam#Origins of Islam|inception of Islam]] facilitated the unification of nomadic Arab tribes by bond of a common faith, preventing their historical internecine fighting along [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|religious divisions]]. The main motivation for expansion was to spread Islam and convert pagans, with emphasis on the toleration of people practising other monotheistic or Abrahamic religions. Led by ingenious generals, the nascent [[Rashidun Caliphate]] won a series of crucial victories against the established powers to expand rapidly. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], exhausted financially and militarily from [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|previous wars in the region]], evacuated Syria in 643. With the regional Byzantine presence and power shattered, the Muslim armies quickly conquered Egypt, generally facing little resistance by subjects odious of Byzantine rule. Marching up the Nile, the Muslims launched a campaign against the [[Makuria|Makurians]] but were beaten back in [[First battle of Dongola|battle]], in a rare defeat owing to skilled Nubian archery and natural defences. Their attention would then turn west to the Maghreb where the Exarchate of Africa had declared independence from Constantinople under [[Gregory the Patrician]]. The Muslims effortlessly annexed [[Ifriqiya]] (modern-day [[Libya]]) and in 647 defeated and killed Gregory and his army decisively in [[Battle of Sufetula (647)|battle]]. Not wishing to annex the territory, they accepted the proposal of annual tribute from the populations of the Maghreb. The Rashidun armies returned to Egypt and would again invade [[Makuria]] in 652 only to again be repelled in [[Second battle of Dongola|battle]], leading them both [[Baqt|to sign a treaty]] stipulating peace, which would dictate the relations between Egypt and Nubia for over seven centuries. After a [[First Fitna|brief civil war]], the Rashidun were supplanted by the Umayyads in 661 and the capital of the Muslim empire moved from Medina to [[Damascus]]. With intentions to expand further in all directions, the Muslims returned to the Maghreb to find the Byzantines had reinforced the Exarchate and allied with the [[Kingdom of Altava]] under [[Kusaila]], who was approached prior to battle and convinced to convert to Islam. Initially having become neutral, Kusaila objected to integration into the empire and in 683 destroyed the poorly supplied Arab army and took the newly-found [[Kairouan]], causing an epiphany among the Berber that this conflict was not just against the Byzantine's. The Arabs returned and in 690 defeated Kusaila and Altava, and, after a set-back, expelled the Byzantines from North Africa. To the west, [[Kahina]] of the [[Kingdom of the Aurès]] declared opposition to the Arab invasion and repelled their armies, securing her position as the uncontested ruler of the Maghreb. After five years had passed, the Arabs received reinforcements and in 701 the kingdom was defeated and Kahina killed. They completed their conquest of the rest of the Maghreb, with large swathes of Berbers embracing Islam, and the combined Arab and Berber armies would use this territory as a springboard into Iberia to expand the Muslim empire further. | In the 7th century, the [[History of Islam#Origins of Islam|inception of Islam]] facilitated the unification of nomadic Arab tribes by bond of a common faith, preventing their historical internecine fighting along [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|religious divisions]]. The main motivation for expansion was to spread Islam and convert pagans, with emphasis on the toleration of people practising other monotheistic or Abrahamic religions. Led by ingenious generals, the nascent [[Rashidun Caliphate]] won a series of crucial victories against the established powers to expand rapidly. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], exhausted financially and militarily from [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|previous wars in the region]], evacuated Syria in 643. With the regional Byzantine presence and power shattered, the Muslim armies quickly conquered Egypt, generally facing little resistance by subjects odious of Byzantine rule. Marching up the Nile, the Muslims launched a campaign against the [[Makuria|Makurians]] but were beaten back in [[First battle of Dongola|battle]], in a rare defeat owing to skilled Nubian archery and natural defences. Their attention would then turn west to the Maghreb where the Exarchate of Africa had declared independence from Constantinople under [[Gregory the Patrician]]. The Muslims effortlessly annexed [[Ifriqiya]] (modern-day [[Libya]]) and in 647 defeated and killed Gregory and his army decisively in [[Battle of Sufetula (647)|battle]]. Not wishing to annex the territory, they accepted the proposal of annual tribute from the populations of the Maghreb. The Rashidun armies returned to Egypt and would again invade [[Makuria]] in 652 only to again be repelled in [[Second battle of Dongola|battle]], leading them both [[Baqt|to sign a treaty]] stipulating peace, which would dictate the relations between Egypt and Nubia for over seven centuries. After a [[First Fitna|brief civil war]], the Rashidun were supplanted by the Umayyads in 661 and the capital of the Muslim empire moved from Medina to [[Damascus]]. With intentions to expand further in all directions, the Muslims returned to the Maghreb to find the Byzantines had reinforced the Exarchate and allied with the [[Kingdom of Altava]] under [[Kusaila]], who was approached prior to battle and convinced to convert to Islam. Initially having become neutral, Kusaila objected to integration into the empire and in 683 destroyed the poorly supplied Arab army and took the newly-found [[Kairouan]], causing an epiphany among the Berber that this conflict was not just against the Byzantine's. The Arabs returned and in 690 defeated Kusaila and Altava, and, after a set-back, expelled the Byzantines from North Africa. To the west, [[Kahina]] of the [[Kingdom of the Aurès]] declared opposition to the Arab invasion and repelled their armies, securing her position as the uncontested ruler of the Maghreb. After five years had passed, the Arabs received reinforcements and in 701 the kingdom was defeated and Kahina killed. They completed their conquest of the rest of the Maghreb, with large swathes of Berbers embracing Islam, and the combined Arab and Berber armies would use this territory as a springboard into Iberia to expand the Muslim empire further. |
| Under the Umayyads [[People of the Book|followers of Abrahamic or monotheistic religions]] comprised the [[Dhimmi]] class, and were permitted to practice their religion and exempted from military service in exchange for a [[Jizya|tax]]. On the other hand, followers of [[Paganism|ethnic and polytheistic religions]] such as [[traditional Berber religion]] were violently oppressed, and given the ultimatum to convert to Islam or face either death or enslavement. Converted natives were permitted to participate in the governing of the Muslim empire in order to quell the enormous administrative problems owing to the Arab's lack of experience governing and rapid expansion.{{rp|pages=49}} [[Berber Revolt]] preceded the [[Abbasid dynasty]] [[Abbasid Revolution|came to power]] in 750 and attempted to reconfigure the Muslim empire to be multi-ethnic rather than Arab exclusive, however this wasn't enough to prevent gradual disintegration on it's peripheries, one of which was the Maghreb. Various short-lived native dynasties would come to power such as the [[Barghawata]] in west modern-day [[Morocco]] hailing from the [[Masmuda]] tribal grouping, and the [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] in modern-day [[Algeria]] hailing from the [[Zenata]] tribal grouping. | Under the Umayyads [[People of the Book|followers of Abrahamic or monotheistic religions]] comprised the [[Dhimmi]] class, and were permitted to practice their religion and exempted from military service in exchange for a [[Jizya|tax]]. On the other hand, followers of [[Paganism|ethnic and polytheistic religions]] such as [[traditional Berber religion]] were violently oppressed, and given the ultimatum to convert to Islam or face either death or enslavement. Converted natives were permitted to participate in the governing of the Muslim empire in order to quell the enormous administrative problems owing to the Arab's lack of experience governing and rapid expansion.{{rp|pages=49}} [[Berber Revolt]] preceded the [[Abbasid dynasty]] [[Abbasid Revolution|came to power]] in 750 and attempted to reconfigure the Muslim empire to be multi-ethnic rather than Arab exclusive, however this wasn't enough to prevent gradual disintegration on it's peripheries, one of which was the Maghreb. Various short-lived native dynasties would come to power such as the [[Barghawata]] in west modern-day [[Morocco]] hailing from the [[Masmuda]] tribal grouping, and the [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] in modern-day [[Algeria]] hailing from the [[Zenata]] tribal grouping. The [[Idrisid dynasty]] would come to rule most of modern-day Morocco, whilst the [[Rustamid dynasty]] ruled northern modern-day Algeria, with them both surviving for nearly a century. |
| == References == | == References == |
Okumaya devam et...