Northern Africa
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 15:13, 5 May 2024 |
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| Mass amounts of [[Berber peoples|Berber]] and [[Coptic people|Coptic]] people willingly converted to Islam, and under the Umayyads [[People of the Book|followers of Abrahamic or monotheistic religions]] comprising the [[Dhimmi]] class were permitted to practice their religion and exempted from military service in exchange for a [[Jizya|tax]], which was improperly extended to include converts.{{rp|pages=247}} Followers of [[traditional Berber religion]], which were mostly those of tribal confederations in the interior, were violently oppressed and often given the ultimatum to convert to Islam or face either death or enslavement.{{rp|pages=46}} Converted natives were permitted to participate in the governing of the Muslim empire in order to quell the enormous administrative problems owing to the Arab's lack of experience governing and rapid expansion. {{rp|pages=49}} Unorthodox sects such as the [[Kharijites|Kharijite]], [[Ibadism|Ibadi]], [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]], [[Nukkari|Nukkarite]] and [[Sufri|Sufrite]] found fertile soil for their doctrines among many Berbers dissatisfied with the oppressive Umayyad regime, with religion being utilised as a political tool to foster organisation.{{rp|pages=64}} In the 740s the [[Berber Revolt]] rocked the caliphate and the Berbers took control over the Maghreb, whilst revolts in [[Ifriqiya]] were suppressed. The [[Abbasid dynasty]] came to power [[Abbasid Revolution|via revolution]] in 750 and attempted to reconfigure the caliphate to be multi-ethnic rather than Arab exclusive, however this wasn't enough to prevent gradual disintegration on its peripheries. Various short-lived native dynasties would form states such as the [[Barghawata]] in west modern-day [[Morocco]] hailing from the [[Masmuda]] tribal grouping, the [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] in modern-day [[Algeria]], and the [[Midrarid dynasty]] in [[Sijilmasa]], both hailing from the [[Zenata]]. The [[Idrisid dynasty]] [[Idris I|descending from Muhammad]] would come to rule most of modern-day [[Morocco]] with the support of the [[Masmuda]], whilst the growing [[Ibadism|Ibadi movement]] among the [[Zenata]] culminated in the [[Rustamid dynasty|Rustamid Imamate]], an [[Imamate|Ibadi theocracy]] centred on [[Tiaret|Tahert]], modern-day [[Algeria]].{{rp|pages=254}} At the turn of the 9th century the Abbasids sphere of influence would degrade further with the [[Aghlabids]] controlling [[Ifriqiya]] only under nominal Abbasid rule and in 868 when the [[Tulunids]] wrestled the independence of Egypt for a four decades before again coming under Abbasid control.{{rp|pages=172}}{{rp|pages=260}} Late in the 9th century, a [[Zanj Rebellion|revolt by East African slaves]] in the Abbasid's homeland of [[Iraq]] diverted its resources away from its other territories, devastating important ports in the [[Persian Gulf]], and was put down after decades of violence, which had resulted in between 300,000-2,500,000 dead.{{sfn|Al-Mas'udi|1861–1917|loc=v. 8: pp. 58, 61}}{{sfn|McKinney|2004|pp=468-69}}{{rp|pages=714}} | Mass amounts of [[Berber peoples|Berber]] and [[Coptic people|Coptic]] people willingly converted to Islam, and under the Umayyads [[People of the Book|followers of Abrahamic or monotheistic religions]] comprising the [[Dhimmi]] class were permitted to practice their religion and exempted from military service in exchange for a [[Jizya|tax]], which was improperly extended to include converts.{{rp|pages=247}} Followers of [[traditional Berber religion]], which were mostly those of tribal confederations in the interior, were violently oppressed and often given the ultimatum to convert to Islam or face either death or enslavement.{{rp|pages=46}} Converted natives were permitted to participate in the governing of the Muslim empire in order to quell the enormous administrative problems owing to the Arab's lack of experience governing and rapid expansion. {{rp|pages=49}} Unorthodox sects such as the [[Kharijites|Kharijite]], [[Ibadism|Ibadi]], [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]], [[Nukkari|Nukkarite]] and [[Sufri|Sufrite]] found fertile soil for their doctrines among many Berbers dissatisfied with the oppressive Umayyad regime, with religion being utilised as a political tool to foster organisation.{{rp|pages=64}} In the 740s the [[Berber Revolt]] rocked the caliphate and the Berbers took control over the Maghreb, whilst revolts in [[Ifriqiya]] were suppressed. The [[Abbasid dynasty]] came to power [[Abbasid Revolution|via revolution]] in 750 and attempted to reconfigure the caliphate to be multi-ethnic rather than Arab exclusive, however this wasn't enough to prevent gradual disintegration on its peripheries. Various short-lived native dynasties would form states such as the [[Barghawata]] in west modern-day [[Morocco]] hailing from the [[Masmuda]] tribal grouping, the [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] in modern-day [[Algeria]], and the [[Midrarid dynasty]] in [[Sijilmasa]], both hailing from the [[Zenata]]. The [[Idrisid dynasty]] [[Idris I|descending from Muhammad]] would come to rule most of modern-day [[Morocco]] with the support of the [[Masmuda]], whilst the growing [[Ibadism|Ibadi movement]] among the [[Zenata]] culminated in the [[Rustamid dynasty|Rustamid Imamate]], an [[Imamate|Ibadi theocracy]] centred on [[Tiaret|Tahert]], modern-day [[Algeria]].{{rp|pages=254}} At the turn of the 9th century the Abbasids sphere of influence would degrade further with the [[Aghlabids]] controlling [[Ifriqiya]] only under nominal Abbasid rule and in 868 when the [[Tulunids]] wrestled the independence of Egypt for a four decades before again coming under Abbasid control.{{rp|pages=172}}{{rp|pages=260}} Late in the 9th century, a [[Zanj Rebellion|revolt by East African slaves]] in the Abbasid's homeland of [[Iraq]] diverted its resources away from its other territories, devastating important ports in the [[Persian Gulf]], and was put down after decades of violence, which had resulted in between 300,000-2,500,000 dead.{{sfn|Al-Mas'udi|1861–1917|loc=v. 8: pp. 58, 61}}{{sfn|McKinney|2004|pp=468-69}}{{rp|pages=714}} |
| This gradual bubbling of disintegration of the Middle Eastern caliphate's presence in North Africa boiled over when the [[Fatimid dynasty]] rose out of the [[Bavares]] tribal confederation and in 909 conquered the [[Aghlabids]] to gain control over all of [[Ifriqiya]]. Holding the ambition to rule the Muslim world proclaiming [[Isma'ilism]], they established a caliphate rivalling the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], who followed [[Sunni Islam]].{{rp|pages=320}} The nascent caliphate quickly conquered the ailing [[Rustamid dynasty|Rustamid Imamate]] and fought a [[proxy war]] against the remnants of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyad dynasty centred in Cordoba]], resulting the eastern Maghreb coming under the control of the vassalized [[Zirid dynasty]], who hailed from the [[Sanhaja]].{{rp|pages=323}} In 969 the [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt|Fatimids finally conquered Egypt]] against a weakened [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after decades of attempts, moving their capital to [[Cairo]] and deferring [[Ifriqiya]] to the Zirids. From there they conquered up to modern-day [[Syria]] and [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia), securing the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. The Fatimids became absorbed by the eastern realms of their empire, and in 972, after encouragement from [[Fakir]]s, the Zirids changed their allegiance to recognise the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In retaliation the Fatimids commissioned an invasion by [[Banu Hilal|nomadic Arab tribes]] to punish them in the [[Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya]], leading to their disintegration and the rise of the [[Banu Khurasan|Khurasanid dynasty]] in their place.{{rp|pages=329}} In the late 10th and early 11th centuries the Fatimids would lose the Maghreb to the [[Hammadid dynasty|Hammadids]] in modern-day [[Algeria]] and the [[Maghrawa]] in modern-day [[Morocco]], both from [[Zenata]]. In 1053 the Saharan [[Sanhaja]], spurred on by puritanical [[Sunni Islam]], conquered [[Sijilmasa]] and briefly captured [[Aoudaghost]] from the [[Ghana Empire]] to control the affluent [[trans-Saharan trade|trans-Saharan trade routes]] into the Maghreb, forming the [[Almoravids|Almoravid dynasty]] before conquering [[Maghrawa]], and intervening in the [[Reconquista|reconquest of Iberia]] by the Christian powers on the side of the endangered Muslim [[Taifa|petty kingdoms (''Taifa'')]] that were produced from the fall of the remnant [[Caliphate of Cordoba|Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba]]. The Almoravids incorporated the taifas into their dynasty and they enjoyed initial successes, until a decisive ambush crippled their military leadership and throughout the 12th century they gradually lost territory to the Christians. In 1061 the Fatimids saw their empire collapse in the east, beginning with the loss of the holy cities to the [[Sharifate of Mecca]] and exacerbated by rebellion in [[Cairo]]. The [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]], who saw themselves as the guardian of the Abbasid Caliphate, conquered the east however the Fatimids repelled them from Egypt. The Fatimids opportunistically took back [[Jerusalem]] amid the Christians' [[First Crusade]] against the Seljuks, however then lost it in [[Battle of Ascalon|humiliating defeat]]. The caliphate would collapse due to intense internal struggle amid political rivalries, religious divisions, and Christian invasions, creating a [[political vacuum]]. | This gradual bubbling of disintegration of the Middle Eastern caliphate's presence in North Africa boiled over when the [[Fatimid dynasty]] rose out of the [[Bavares]] tribal confederation and in 909 conquered the [[Aghlabids]] to gain control over all of [[Ifriqiya]]. Holding the ambition to rule the Muslim world proclaiming [[Isma'ilism]], they established a caliphate rivalling the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], who followed [[Sunni Islam]].{{rp|pages=320}} The nascent caliphate quickly conquered the ailing [[Rustamid dynasty|Rustamid Imamate]] and fought a [[proxy war]] against the remnants of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyad dynasty centred in Cordoba]], resulting the eastern Maghreb coming under the control of the vassalized [[Zirid dynasty]], who hailed from the [[Sanhaja]].{{rp|pages=323}} In 969 the [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt|Fatimids finally conquered Egypt]] against a weakened [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after decades of attempts, moving their capital to [[Cairo]] and deferring [[Ifriqiya]] to the Zirids. From there they conquered up to modern-day [[Syria]] and [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia), securing the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. The Fatimids became absorbed by the eastern realms of their empire, and in 972, after encouragement from [[Fakir]]s, the Zirids changed their allegiance to recognise the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In retaliation the Fatimids commissioned an invasion by [[Banu Hilal|nomadic Arab tribes]] to punish them in the [[Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya]], leading to their disintegration and the rise of the [[Banu Khurasan|Khurasanid dynasty]] in their place.{{rp|pages=329}} In the late 10th and early 11th centuries the Fatimids would lose the Maghreb to the [[Hammadid dynasty|Hammadids]] in modern-day [[Algeria]] and the [[Maghrawa]] in modern-day [[Morocco]], both from [[Zenata]]. In 1053 the Saharan [[Sanhaja]], spurred on by puritanical [[Sunni Islam]], conquered [[Sijilmasa]] and briefly captured [[Aoudaghost]] from the [[Ghana Empire]] to control the affluent [[trans-Saharan trade|trans-Saharan trade routes]] into the Maghreb, forming the [[Almoravids|Almoravid dynasty]] before conquering [[Maghrawa]], and intervening in the [[Reconquista|reconquest of Iberia]] by the Christian powers on the side of the endangered Muslim [[Taifa|petty kingdoms (''Taifa'')]] that were produced from the fall of the remnant [[Caliphate of Cordoba|Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba]]. The Almoravids incorporated the taifas into their dynasty and they enjoyed initial successes, until a decisive ambush crippled their military leadership and throughout the 12th century they gradually lost territory to the Christians. In 1061 the Fatimids saw their empire collapse in the east, beginning with the loss of the holy cities to the [[Sharifate of Mecca]] and exacerbated by rebellion in [[Cairo]]. The [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]], who saw themselves as the guardian of the Abbasid Caliphate, conquered the east however the Fatimids repelled them from Egypt. The Fatimids opportunistically took back [[Jerusalem]] amid the Christians' [[First Crusade]] against the Seljuks, however then lost it in [[Battle of Ascalon|humiliating defeat]]. The caliphate would collapse due to intense internal struggle amid political rivalries, religious divisions, and Christian invasions, creating a [[political vacuum|power vacuum]]. |
| ====Nubia==== | ====Nubia==== |
Okumaya devam et...