Location and topography: prose
Okumaya devam et...
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| Antioch was built at an elevation of {{convert|90|m|ft}} above [[sea level]] between the slopes of the {{convert|560|m|ft}}-tall [[Silpium|Mount Silpius]] to the southeast, and the left bank of the Orontes, which here flowed from northeast to southwest. Although an island in the river was also urbanised, Antioch was generally hemmed in by its local topography.{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1pp=15|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2pp=5, 17}} The area's [[hydrography]] presented significant challenges, especially during the rainy season, when the Orontes and the streams descending from Mount Silpius [[flash flood|regularly flooded]] the city and surrounding farmland. Attempts to control the water through a complex network of drains, conduits, aqueducts, and dams failed over centuries; the [[Alluvium|deposition of alluvial material]] became so great that the island in the river disappeared and the city itself was buried metres-deep.{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1pp=17–18|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2pp=17–20|Kondoleon|2001|3p=4}} Antioch, straddling the northern [[Dead Sea Transform|Dead Sea Rift]] fault line near to the [[Marash Triple Junction]], has also suffered more than sixty notable earthquakes, of which around ten had a [[Moment magnitude scale#Comparison with TNT equivalents|magnitude greater than 7]].{{sfnm|Kondoleon|2001|1p=4|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2pp=9, 20}} | Antioch was built at an elevation of {{convert|90|m|ft}} above [[sea level]] between the slopes of the {{convert|560|m|ft}}-tall [[Silpium|Mount Silpius]] to the southeast, and the left bank of the Orontes, which here flowed from northeast to southwest. Although an island in the river was also urbanised, Antioch was generally hemmed in by its local topography.{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1pp=15|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2pp=5, 17}} The area's [[hydrography]] presented significant challenges, especially during the rainy season, when the Orontes and the streams descending from Mount Silpius [[flash flood|regularly flooded]] the city and surrounding farmland. Attempts to control the water through a complex network of drains, conduits, aqueducts, and dams failed over centuries; the [[Alluvium|deposition of alluvial material]] became so great that the island in the river disappeared and the city itself was buried metres-deep.{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1pp=17–18|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2pp=17–20|Kondoleon|2001|3p=4}} Antioch, straddling the northern [[Dead Sea Transform|Dead Sea Rift]] fault line near to the [[Marash Triple Junction]], has also suffered more than sixty notable earthquakes, of which around ten had a [[Moment magnitude scale#Comparison with TNT equivalents|magnitude greater than 7]].{{sfnm|Kondoleon|2001|1p=4|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2pp=9, 20}} |
| Antioch was connected to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] by the Orontes, which was likely navigable up to the city in antiquity; the city's rulers devoted great energy to keeping the river free for trade and transport.{{sfnm|Aliquot|2016|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2p=20|Downey|2015|3p=18}} The walls, rebuilt at least eight times between the city's foundation and the Crusader era, originally enclosed an area of around {{convert|90|ha|sqmi}}, which may have grown to {{convert|500|ha|sqmi}} by 540 AD.{{sfnm|Cohen|2006|1p=84|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2p=20}} From the walls, roads radiated in all directions, including towards the renowned suburb of [[Daphne (Antioch)|Daphne]], located {{convert|8|km|mi}} south of the city at modern [[Harbiye, Defne|Harbiye]].{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1pp=16, 19|Kondoleon|2001|2pp=8–9|3a1=De Giorgi|3a2=Eger|3y=2021|3p=27}} Daphne, regarded as inextricably linked to Antioch until it was abandoned in the late Middle Ages,{{sfn|De Giorgi|Eger|2021|p=28}} contained numerous springs which provided a regular source of water for Antioch, especially during the dry summer months when no rain fell. One quirk of the city's [[climatology|local climate]] was an intense wind which continues to be funnelled up the Orontes valley between May and October.{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1p=20|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2p=5}} | Antioch was connected to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] by the Orontes, which was likely navigable up to the city in antiquity; the city's rulers devoted great energy to keeping the river free for trade and transport.{{sfnm|Aliquot|2016|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2p=20|Downey|2015|3p=18}} The walls, rebuilt at least eight times between the city's foundation and the Crusader era, originally enclosed an area of around {{convert|90|ha|sqmi}}, which may have grown to {{convert|500|ha|sqmi}} by 540 AD.{{sfnm|Cohen|2006|1p=84|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2p=20}} Roads radiated in all directions from the walls, including towards the renowned suburb of [[Daphne (Antioch)|Daphne]], located {{convert|8|km|mi}} south of the city at modern [[Harbiye, Defne|Harbiye]].{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1pp=16, 19|Kondoleon|2001|2pp=8–9|3a1=De Giorgi|3a2=Eger|3y=2021|3p=27}} Regarded as inextricably linked to Antioch until it was abandoned in the late Middle Ages,{{sfn|De Giorgi|Eger|2021|p=28}} Daphne contained numerous springs which provided a regular source of water for Antioch, especially during the dry summer months when no rain fell. One quirk of the city's [[climatology|local climate]] was an intense wind which continues to be funnelled up the Orontes valley between May and October.{{sfnm|Downey|2015|1p=20|2a1=De Giorgi|2a2=Eger|2y=2021|2p=5}} |
| ==Early history== | ==Early history== |
Okumaya devam et...