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Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 14:56, 8 May 2024 |
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| * [[Hudson Austin]] deposed | * [[Hudson Austin]] deposed |
| * [[Nicholas Brathwaite]] sworn into office | * [[Nicholas Brathwaite]] sworn into office |
| * Cuban and Soviet forces expelled | * [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces|Cuban]] and Soviet forces expelled |
| | combatant1 = {{flag|United States}}<br/> | | combatant1 = {{flag|United States}}<br/> |
| {{flagdeco|Grenada}} [[National Democratic Congress (Grenada)|Grenadian Opposition]] | {{flagdeco|Grenada}} [[National Democratic Congress (Grenada)|Grenadian Opposition]] |
| Line 108: | Line 108: |
| The [[Reagan administration]] mounted a US [[military intervention]] following receipt of a formal appeal for help from the [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States]], which had received a covert appeal for assistance from the [[Governor-General of Grenada]], [[Paul Scoon]] (though he put off signing the formal letter of invitation until 26 October).<ref>{{cite book |last=Scoon |first=Sir Paul |year=2003 |title= Survival for Service: My Experiences as Governor General of Grenada |location=Oxford |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=0-333-97064-0 |oclc=54489557 |pages=136, 145}}</ref> President Reagan stated that he felt compelled to act due to "concerns over the 600 U.S. medical students on the island" and fears of a repeat of the [[Iran hostage crisis]], which ended less than three years earlier. According to the future [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], who was serving as Reagan's [[Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]] at the time of the invasion, the prime motivation for the US intervention was to "get rid" of the coup leader Hudson Austin, and the students were the pretext.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Charles |author-link= Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham |date=2015 |title=Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume Two: Everything She Wants |language=en |publication-place=Great Britain |publisher=Allen Lane, [[Penguin Books]] |page=119 |chapter=Chapter 5: Reagan plays her false |isbn=978-0-713-99288-5 |oclc=922929186 |ol=27339067M |quote=On 20 October, the administration’s Crisis Preplanning Group met and discussed a rescue plan for the students, but also the possibility of overthrowing the hostile Grenadian regime. According to Lawrence Eagleburger, the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs at the State Department, ‘The prime motivation was to get rid of that son of a bitch [General Austin] before the Cubans "*****" any further embedded … The students were the pretext … but we would not have done it simply because of the students.’ |quote-pages=118–119}}</ref> While the invasion followed the execution of Maurice Bishop, his party members intending to gain power still maintained his communist ideologies. President Reagan expressed that he viewed this, alongside the party's growing connection to Fidel Castro, as a threat to democracy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Patsy |date=1999 |title=Revisiting the Grenada Invasion: The Oecs' Role, and Its Impact on Regional and International Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27865150 |journal=Social and Economic Studies |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=85–120 |jstor=27865150 |issn=0037-7651}}</ref> | The [[Reagan administration]] mounted a US [[military intervention]] following receipt of a formal appeal for help from the [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States]], which had received a covert appeal for assistance from the [[Governor-General of Grenada]], [[Paul Scoon]] (though he put off signing the formal letter of invitation until 26 October).<ref>{{cite book |last=Scoon |first=Sir Paul |year=2003 |title= Survival for Service: My Experiences as Governor General of Grenada |location=Oxford |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=0-333-97064-0 |oclc=54489557 |pages=136, 145}}</ref> President Reagan stated that he felt compelled to act due to "concerns over the 600 U.S. medical students on the island" and fears of a repeat of the [[Iran hostage crisis]], which ended less than three years earlier. According to the future [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], who was serving as Reagan's [[Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]] at the time of the invasion, the prime motivation for the US intervention was to "get rid" of the coup leader Hudson Austin, and the students were the pretext.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Charles |author-link= Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham |date=2015 |title=Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume Two: Everything She Wants |language=en |publication-place=Great Britain |publisher=Allen Lane, [[Penguin Books]] |page=119 |chapter=Chapter 5: Reagan plays her false |isbn=978-0-713-99288-5 |oclc=922929186 |ol=27339067M |quote=On 20 October, the administration’s Crisis Preplanning Group met and discussed a rescue plan for the students, but also the possibility of overthrowing the hostile Grenadian regime. According to Lawrence Eagleburger, the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs at the State Department, ‘The prime motivation was to get rid of that son of a bitch [General Austin] before the Cubans "*****" any further embedded … The students were the pretext … but we would not have done it simply because of the students.’ |quote-pages=118–119}}</ref> While the invasion followed the execution of Maurice Bishop, his party members intending to gain power still maintained his communist ideologies. President Reagan expressed that he viewed this, alongside the party's growing connection to Fidel Castro, as a threat to democracy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Patsy |date=1999 |title=Revisiting the Grenada Invasion: The Oecs' Role, and Its Impact on Regional and International Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27865150 |journal=Social and Economic Studies |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=85–120 |jstor=27865150 |issn=0037-7651}}</ref> |
| The invading force consisted of the 1st and 2nd battalions of the [[US Army]]'s [[75th Ranger Regiment]], the [[82nd Airborne Division]], and elements of the former [[Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force|Rapid Deployment Force]], [[U.S. Marines]], [[Delta Force|US Army Delta Force]], [[Navy SEAL]]s, and ancillary forces, totaling 7,600 troops, together with [[Jamaica]]n forces and troops of the [[Regional Security System]] (RSS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3377.html |title=Caribbean Islands – A Regional Security System |publisher=country-data.com |access-date=18 November 2008 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426194002/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3377.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The force defeated Grenadian resistance after a low-altitude airborne assault by the Rangers and 82nd Airborne on [[Maurice Bishop International Airport|Point Salines Airport]], at the south end of the island, and a Marine helicopter and amphibious landing on the north end, at [[Pearls Airport]]. Austin's military government was deposed and replaced, with Scoon as Governor-General, by an interim advisory council until the 1984 elections. | The invading force consisted of the 1st and 2nd battalions of the [[US Army]]'s [[75th Ranger Regiment]], the [[82nd Airborne Division]], and elements of the former [[Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force|Rapid Deployment Force]], [[U.S. Marines]], [[Delta Force|US Army Delta Force]], [[Navy SEAL]]s, and ancillary forces, totaling 7,600 troops, together with [[Jamaica|Jamaican]] forces and troops of the [[Regional Security System]] (RSS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3377.html |title=Caribbean Islands – A Regional Security System |publisher=country-data.com |access-date=18 November 2008 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426194002/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3377.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The force defeated Grenadian resistance after a low-altitude airborne assault by the Rangers and 82nd Airborne on [[Maurice Bishop International Airport|Point Salines Airport]], at the south end of the island, and a Marine helicopter and amphibious landing on the north end, at [[Pearls Airport]]. Austin's military government was deposed and replaced, with Scoon as Governor-General, by an interim advisory council until the 1984 elections. |
| The invasion was criticized by many countries. British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] privately disapproved of the mission, in part because she was not consulted in advance and was given very short notice of the military operation, but she supported it in the press.<ref>Moore, Charles (2016). ''Margaret Thatcher: At her Zenith''. p. 130.</ref> The [[United Nations General Assembly]] condemned it as "a flagrant violation of international law" on 2 November 1983, by a vote of 108 to 9.<ref name=UN_GA_Resolution_38_7>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/38/7 |title=United Nations General Assembly resolution 38/7 |publisher=United Nations |date=2 November 1983 |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2018081...g/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/38/7 |url-status=live}}</ref> | The invasion was criticized by many countries. British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] privately disapproved of the mission, in part because she was not consulted in advance and was given very short notice of the military operation, but she supported it in the press.<ref>Moore, Charles (2016). ''Margaret Thatcher: At her Zenith''. p. 130.</ref> The [[United Nations General Assembly]] condemned it as "a flagrant violation of international law" on 2 November 1983, by a vote of 108 to 9.<ref name=UN_GA_Resolution_38_7>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/38/7 |title=United Nations General Assembly resolution 38/7 |publisher=United Nations |date=2 November 1983 |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2018081...g/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/38/7 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
Okumaya devam et...