Weimar Republic: S-V agreement ("inspiration was")
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 15:47, 3 May 2024 |
| Line 15: | Line 15: |
| Mierendorf and Chakhotin launched the Three Arrows against the Swastika (''Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz'') campaign.<ref name="Albrecht2007"/> Chakhotin authored a book by the same name. The Three Arrows were thought to represent the struggle of the [[social democracy|social democratic]] movement against [[Reactionary|reaction]] (referring to [[monarchism]]), [[communism]] and [[fascism]].<ref name="au" /><ref name="at" /> On a widely used and publicized SPD election poster for the [[German federal election, November 1932|6 November 1932]] [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] elections, the Three Arrows were used to represent opposition to the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]], the monarchist parties, and the [[Nazi Party]], accompanied by the slogan "Against [[Franz von Papen|Papen]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], [[Ernst Thälmann|Thälmann]]".<ref name="Potthoff"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafel 1 - Foto 6 (Hohe Auflösung): Wahlplakat der SPD zur Reichtagswahl 1932 |trans-title=Panel 1 - Photo 6 (high resolution): SPD election poster for the 1932 Reichstag election |language=de |url=https://politische-verfolgung-moerf...ahlplakat_der_spd_zur_reichstagswahl_1932.jpg |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de |publisher=Denkmal für die politisch Verfolgten in Mörfelden 1933-1945}}</ref> The three arrows also represented the three agents of working class strength: political (represented by the SPD), economic (represented by the [[Trade union|trade unions]]) and physical (represented by the {{lang|de|[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]}}).<ref name="Schwarz-Rot-Gold">{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold - Topics: The Iron Front |website=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte |url=https://reichsbanner-geschichte.de/...e/themen/thema/Themen/show/die-eiserne-front/ |language=de |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="SPD Geschichtswerkstatt">{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold |website=SPD Geschichtswerkstatt |url=https://www.spd-geschichtswerkstatt.de/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold |language=de |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Posudin |first=Yuriy |title=Sergei Chakhotin - His contributions to social psychology and biophysics |location=Kiev |date=2015 |publisher=Artmedia print |isbn=978-966-97453-1-6}}</ref> Chakhotin provides an even wider range of meanings, including the three elements of the movement (political/intellectual power, economic force, physical force), the three qualities demanded of fighters (activity, discipline, union), as well as the ideals of the [[French Revolution]] ({{lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}). He also noted that "the figure 3 appears so often in human life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakhotin |first=Sergei |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216264 |title=The Rape Of The Masses |year=1940 |pages=105–106}}</ref> | Mierendorf and Chakhotin launched the Three Arrows against the Swastika (''Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz'') campaign.<ref name="Albrecht2007"/> Chakhotin authored a book by the same name. The Three Arrows were thought to represent the struggle of the [[social democracy|social democratic]] movement against [[Reactionary|reaction]] (referring to [[monarchism]]), [[communism]] and [[fascism]].<ref name="au" /><ref name="at" /> On a widely used and publicized SPD election poster for the [[German federal election, November 1932|6 November 1932]] [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] elections, the Three Arrows were used to represent opposition to the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]], the monarchist parties, and the [[Nazi Party]], accompanied by the slogan "Against [[Franz von Papen|Papen]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], [[Ernst Thälmann|Thälmann]]".<ref name="Potthoff"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafel 1 - Foto 6 (Hohe Auflösung): Wahlplakat der SPD zur Reichtagswahl 1932 |trans-title=Panel 1 - Photo 6 (high resolution): SPD election poster for the 1932 Reichstag election |language=de |url=https://politische-verfolgung-moerf...ahlplakat_der_spd_zur_reichstagswahl_1932.jpg |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de |publisher=Denkmal für die politisch Verfolgten in Mörfelden 1933-1945}}</ref> The three arrows also represented the three agents of working class strength: political (represented by the SPD), economic (represented by the [[Trade union|trade unions]]) and physical (represented by the {{lang|de|[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]}}).<ref name="Schwarz-Rot-Gold">{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold - Topics: The Iron Front |website=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte |url=https://reichsbanner-geschichte.de/...e/themen/thema/Themen/show/die-eiserne-front/ |language=de |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref name="SPD Geschichtswerkstatt">{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold |website=SPD Geschichtswerkstatt |url=https://www.spd-geschichtswerkstatt.de/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold |language=de |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Posudin |first=Yuriy |title=Sergei Chakhotin - His contributions to social psychology and biophysics |location=Kiev |date=2015 |publisher=Artmedia print |isbn=978-966-97453-1-6}}</ref> Chakhotin provides an even wider range of meanings, including the three elements of the movement (political/intellectual power, economic force, physical force), the three qualities demanded of fighters (activity, discipline, union), as well as the ideals of the [[French Revolution]] ({{lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}). He also noted that "the figure 3 appears so often in human life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakhotin |first=Sergei |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216264 |title=The Rape Of The Masses |year=1940 |pages=105–106}}</ref> |
| The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol as such drew inspiration from [[Russian avant-garde|Soviet-Russian avant-garde]] revolutionary artwork.<ref name="Albrecht2007"/> According to Chakhotin, his inspiration for the Three Arrows were a [[swastika]] that had been crossed over with chalk in [[Heidelberg]]. Per Chakhotin's argument, the Three Arrows and the swastika would always appear as if the three lines were imposed over the swastika rather than the other way around.<ref name="White1992"/> The Three Arrows were adopted as an official social democrat symbol by the SPD leadership and the Iron Front by June 1932.<ref name="White1992" /> Iron Front members would carry the symbol on their arm bands.<ref name="Franz-Willing1982">{{cite book |first=Georg |last=Franz-Willing |title=1933, die nationale Erhebung |language=de |trans-title=1933, the national survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7m2AAAAIAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Druffel-Verlag |isbn=978-3-8061-1021-0 |page=20 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The slogan "neither Stalin's slaves nor Hitler's henchmen" was also used by the SPD in connection with the symbol.<ref name="Potthoff" /> | The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol as such drew inspiration from [[Russian avant-garde|Soviet-Russian avant-garde]] revolutionary artwork.<ref name="Albrecht2007"/> According to Chakhotin, his inspiration for the Three Arrows was a [[swastika]] that had been crossed over with chalk in [[Heidelberg]]. Per Chakhotin's argument, the Three Arrows and the swastika would always appear as if the three lines were imposed over the swastika rather than the other way around.<ref name="White1992"/> The Three Arrows were adopted as an official social democrat symbol by the SPD leadership and the Iron Front by June 1932.<ref name="White1992" /> Iron Front members would carry the symbol on their arm bands.<ref name="Franz-Willing1982">{{cite book |first=Georg |last=Franz-Willing |title=1933, die nationale Erhebung |language=de |trans-title=1933, the national survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7m2AAAAIAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Druffel-Verlag |isbn=978-3-8061-1021-0 |page=20 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The slogan "neither Stalin's slaves nor Hitler's henchmen" was also used by the SPD in connection with the symbol.<ref name="Potthoff" /> |
| {{anti-fascism sidebar|Interwar anti-fascism}} | {{anti-fascism sidebar|Interwar anti-fascism}} |
Okumaya devam et...