Snoteleks: ←Created page with '{{Short description|Group of flagellates with flexible cells}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Euglenoid_movement.jpg | image_caption = Cell exhibiting 'euglenoid motion' or metaboly, characteristic of this clade | taxon = Spirocuta/clade | authority = Cavalier-Smith, 2016<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa"/> | synonyms = * Helicales {{au|Paerschke et al., 2017}}<ref name="Paerschke 2017">{{cite Q|Q125677096}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Orders<ref name="Lax Ch...'
{{Short description|Group of flagellates with flexible cells}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Euglenoid_movement.jpg
| image_caption = Cell exhibiting 'euglenoid motion' or [[metaboly]], characteristic of this clade
| taxon = Spirocuta/clade
| authority = Cavalier-Smith, 2016<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa"/>
| synonyms =
* Helicales {{au|Paerschke et al., 2017}}<ref name="Paerschke 2017">{{cite Q|Q125677096}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Orders<ref name="Lax Cho Keeling 2023"/><ref name="Kostygov 2021"/>
| subdivision =
* [[Anisonemia]]
** [[Anisonemida]]
** [[Natomonadida]]
* [[Peranemida]]
* [[Euglenophyceae]]
** [[Rapazida]]
** [[Eutreptiales]]
** [[Euglenales]]
}}
'''Spirocuta''' ({{etymology|lat|spira|coil, spire||cutis|skin}}) is a [[clade]] of [[euglenid]]s, single-celled [[eukaryote]]s or [[protist]]s belonging to the phylum [[Euglenozoa]]. They are distinguished from other euglenids by active deformation of their cell shape, a process called euglenid motion or '''metaboly'''. This is made possible by a high number of spirally arranged protein strips that run below their [[cell membrane]] and confer the cell with flexibility. These strips compose the helicoidal [[pellicle (biology)|pellicle]], a trait referenced by the alternative name '''Helicales'''.
== Description ==
Spirocuta is a group of [[flagellate]]s, [[unicellular]] [[eukaryote]]s or [[protist]]s with one or two [[flagella]] for locomotion in the anterior region of the cell. The move through a [[gliding motility|gliding motion]] in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward.<ref name="Lax 2020">{{cite Q|Q101127864}}</ref> Like other members of the [[Euglenida]], their cells are lined by a [[pellicle (biology)|pellicle]] composed of proteinaceous strips that interlock with each other, and are spirally arranged underneath the [[cell membrane]]. In particular, members of Spirocuta share a [[synapomorphy]], or unique trait: their high number of strips (between 16 and 56) confers the cells with an immense flexibility, allowing them to actively stretch and deform.<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa"/> This process is known as '''metaboly''' or '''euglenid motion'''.<ref name="Leander 2007">{{cite Q|Q33299331}}</ref><ref name="Kostygov 2021">{{cite Q|Q125548575}}</ref>
== Classification ==
Spirocuta was first proposed by American protozoologist [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] in 2016, as a superclass uniting all those [[euglenid]]s with more than 15 spirally arranged pellicle strips. It was named in reference of this characteristic, {{etymology|lat|spira|coil, spire||cutis|skin}}. It contained two classes: [[Euglenophyceae]], a [[monophyletic]] group of [[phototroph]]s, and Peranemea, a [[paraphyletic]] group of [[heterotroph]]s.<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa">{{cite Q|Q39151632}}</ref> Later, Peranemea was separated into two distinct clades: [[Peranemida]], a group of [[phagotroph]]s whose monophyly is yet to be proven, and [[Anisonemia]], which contains various phagotrophs and a clade of [[osmotroph]]s known as [[Aphagea]].<ref name="Lax 2021">{{cite Q|Q110667805}}</ref><ref name="Lax Cho Keeling 2023">{{cite Q|Q123348233}}</ref> In 2017, Stefan Paerschke and colleagues independently noticed the same clade through phylogenetic analyses, and named it '''Helicales''' in reference to the helical pellicle composed of spirally arranged strips.<ref name="Paerschke 2017"/>
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q61996123}}
[[Category:Euglenozoa taxa]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|Group of flagellates with flexible cells}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Euglenoid_movement.jpg
| image_caption = Cell exhibiting 'euglenoid motion' or [[metaboly]], characteristic of this clade
| taxon = Spirocuta/clade
| authority = Cavalier-Smith, 2016<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa"/>
| synonyms =
* Helicales {{au|Paerschke et al., 2017}}<ref name="Paerschke 2017">{{cite Q|Q125677096}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Orders<ref name="Lax Cho Keeling 2023"/><ref name="Kostygov 2021"/>
| subdivision =
* [[Anisonemia]]
** [[Anisonemida]]
** [[Natomonadida]]
* [[Peranemida]]
* [[Euglenophyceae]]
** [[Rapazida]]
** [[Eutreptiales]]
** [[Euglenales]]
}}
'''Spirocuta''' ({{etymology|lat|spira|coil, spire||cutis|skin}}) is a [[clade]] of [[euglenid]]s, single-celled [[eukaryote]]s or [[protist]]s belonging to the phylum [[Euglenozoa]]. They are distinguished from other euglenids by active deformation of their cell shape, a process called euglenid motion or '''metaboly'''. This is made possible by a high number of spirally arranged protein strips that run below their [[cell membrane]] and confer the cell with flexibility. These strips compose the helicoidal [[pellicle (biology)|pellicle]], a trait referenced by the alternative name '''Helicales'''.
== Description ==
Spirocuta is a group of [[flagellate]]s, [[unicellular]] [[eukaryote]]s or [[protist]]s with one or two [[flagella]] for locomotion in the anterior region of the cell. The move through a [[gliding motility|gliding motion]] in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward.<ref name="Lax 2020">{{cite Q|Q101127864}}</ref> Like other members of the [[Euglenida]], their cells are lined by a [[pellicle (biology)|pellicle]] composed of proteinaceous strips that interlock with each other, and are spirally arranged underneath the [[cell membrane]]. In particular, members of Spirocuta share a [[synapomorphy]], or unique trait: their high number of strips (between 16 and 56) confers the cells with an immense flexibility, allowing them to actively stretch and deform.<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa"/> This process is known as '''metaboly''' or '''euglenid motion'''.<ref name="Leander 2007">{{cite Q|Q33299331}}</ref><ref name="Kostygov 2021">{{cite Q|Q125548575}}</ref>
== Classification ==
Spirocuta was first proposed by American protozoologist [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] in 2016, as a superclass uniting all those [[euglenid]]s with more than 15 spirally arranged pellicle strips. It was named in reference of this characteristic, {{etymology|lat|spira|coil, spire||cutis|skin}}. It contained two classes: [[Euglenophyceae]], a [[monophyletic]] group of [[phototroph]]s, and Peranemea, a [[paraphyletic]] group of [[heterotroph]]s.<ref name="Higher Euglenozoa">{{cite Q|Q39151632}}</ref> Later, Peranemea was separated into two distinct clades: [[Peranemida]], a group of [[phagotroph]]s whose monophyly is yet to be proven, and [[Anisonemia]], which contains various phagotrophs and a clade of [[osmotroph]]s known as [[Aphagea]].<ref name="Lax 2021">{{cite Q|Q110667805}}</ref><ref name="Lax Cho Keeling 2023">{{cite Q|Q123348233}}</ref> In 2017, Stefan Paerschke and colleagues independently noticed the same clade through phylogenetic analyses, and named it '''Helicales''' in reference to the helical pellicle composed of spirally arranged strips.<ref name="Paerschke 2017"/>
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q61996123}}
[[Category:Euglenozoa taxa]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith]]
Okumaya devam et...