Shi Jianru

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{{Short description|Chinese revolutionist (late Qing Dynasty)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreferenced|date=May 2024}}
{{orphan|date=May 2024}}
}}
'''Shi Jianru''' (Chinese: '''史坚如''',July 16, 1879 – November 9, 1900), originally named Wen Wei, styled Jingru, later changed to Jianru, was a [[Christian]] from [[Panyu]], [[Guangdong]], [[China]] ([[Qing Dynasty]]). He was a martyr of the late Qing dynasty revolution and was claimed to be a descendant of the Ming dynasty general Shi Kefa<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.tongxianghuicn.com/article/938491.jhtml?libId=826 | author = Ding Dong | title = Shi Jianru to execution like a hero| journal = Guangdong Wen Xian | volume = 20| issue = 1| date = 1990-03-31 | access-date = 2022-12-02}}</ref>. In October 1900, he planned an unsuccessful attempt to bomb a local high-ranking Qing official. The following month, he was executed by the authorities in Guangzhou.

==Life==
Shi was born into a wealthy bureaucratic family, with ancestors from Shanyin, [[Zhejiang]]. He had one brother and one sister. Despite being frail in his youth, he was intelligent and fond of learning, enjoying reading books. In 1898, he enrolled in the Christian school Gezhi Academy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdcconline.net/zh-hant/stories/shi-jianru|title=Shi Jianru |website=Biography of a Christian Historical Figure}}</ref>, where he received a Western-style education. In 1899, he joined the [[Revive China Society]] through the introduction of a Professor from Gezhi Academy and met [[Sun Yat-sen]] in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]. Upon returning to China, he started to organize revolutionary activities in the [[Hunan]] region and planned an uprising.

In 1900, [[the Boxer Rebellion]] erupted in northern China, leading to the invasion of [[the Eight-Nation Alliance]]. Revolutionary forces led by Sun Yat-sen decided to take advantage of the chaos to launch uprisings. [[Zheng Shiliang]] initiated the [[Huizhou Uprising]], while Shi Jianru raised funds in Guangzhou by mortgaging his own land to finance the revolution. Due to a lack of funds, the revolutionary forces in Guangzhou led by Shi weakened, forcing him to plan the assassination of the Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi, De Shou, to support the Huizhou Uprising. Initially purchasing 25 boxes of explosives, they were seized by authorities. Later, he purchased 200 pounds of explosives under his friend Song Shaodong’s name and rented a mansion near De Shou’s residence to dig a tunnel for the explosives.

On the night of October 26, 1900, Shi attempted to detonate the explosives, but due to a faulty fuse, they failed to explode. In the early hours of October 30, he successfully detonated the explosives, causing several civilian casualties and damaging nearby buildings at dawn. Although De Shou was not directly affected, the explosion shocked the province and city. The Qing authorities immediately launched an investigation and quickly obtained information about Shi’s involvement. Initially hiding at the home of a Revive China Society member, Shi was captured by Qing soldiers at the provincial dock in Guangzhou on October 31 and taken to Nanhai County Yamen. He endured severe torture and interrogation but refused to disclose his accomplices<ref>{{cite book
| editor = Guangzhou Municipal Local Chronicles Compilation Committee
| title = Guangzhou City Chronicles, Volume 19, Biographical Records
| url = http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/12/B3059961.pdf
| chapter = Shi Jianru
| page = 58
| via = Wenqu Classic Digital Library
| access-date = 2022-02-09
| archive-date = 2022-02-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2022020...m/Public/editor/attached/file/12/B3059961.pdf
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>.

On November 8, 1900, De Shou ordered Shi’s execution. The following day (November 9), Shi Jianru was taken to the execution ground near to Tianzi Wharf in Guangzhou and beheaded<ref>{{cite book | language = zh-hans | author = Jia Yijun | coauthors = | title = 《Biographies of Figures from the Republic of China》 | url = | date = 1993 | location = | publisher = Yuelu Academy | id = | isbn = 7805203652 | pages = 28 }}</ref>, at the young age of 21. His head was displayed at the site of the explosion as a warning to the public. De Shou reported the incident to the Qing court, receiving approval for his actions.

==Afterwards==
After Shi’s death, his body was discarded by the authorities and buried in a desolate hill east of Guangzhou, where executed prisoners were interred. Upon seeing this, the abbot of a nearby temple couldn’t bear it and secretly buried Shi’s remains in a crypt beneath the Buddha altar in the temple.

Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Shi’s story was revisited. In late 1911, voices emerged advocating for the casting of a bronze statue in his honor. On April 28, 1912, Sun Yat-sen convened a memorial ceremony for Shi Jianru in Guangzhou, attended by around six to seven thousand people from all walks of life. Sun Yat-sen praised him as a “model of righteousness and heroism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdcconline.net/zh-hant/stories/shi-jianru|title=Shi Jianru |website=Biography of a Christian Historical Figure}}</ref>"

In early 1913, the still-living abbot of the temple informed [[Hu Hanmin]], then governor of Guangzhou and a close friend of Shi Jianru, about the burial. The monks donated the temple’s land, which Hu Hanmin turned into a shrine for Shi Jianru, managed by his relatives. His remains were reinterred in a golden pagoda on the site. Upon learning of this, Sun Yat-sen immediately wrote an inscription for Shi Jianru’s memorial. In 1917, the [[Yunnan-Guangdong Army]] produced a bronze statue of Shi Jianru.

In 1924, the [[Kuomintang]] erected a white marble statue of Shi at Lingnan School, his alma mater, which was unveiled on May 20th and later moved to his shrine. In December of the same year, Hu Hanmin erected a monument in the First Park (now Guangzhou People’s Park) in honor of Shi. In 1928, Shi’s heir, Shi Kuaiji, entrusted his shrine to the government.

In 1978, the Guangzhou Cultural Relics Department relocated Shi Jianru’s golden pagoda to the [[Huanghuagang]] Martyrs’ Cemetery and established a shrine for him there, along with his stone statue and Hu Hanmin’s inscribed plaque.

In [[Sun Yat-sen University]] (formerly Lingnan University), there is a memorial pavilion called “Xingting,” donated and built by Xing Society students in 1928, to commemorate Shi Jianru, Qu Lizhou, and Xu Yaozhang, three faculty members.
{{uncategorised|date=May 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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