Reverted 1 edit by PanamaHarpyEagle (talk): Probably not December unless you have a reference for this.
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 06:09, 10 May 2024 |
| Line 21: | Line 21: |
| == Preceding events == | == Preceding events == |
[[File rotestors discarding passbooks in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators discarding their passbooks to protest apartheid, December 1960]] | [[Filerotestors discarding passbooks in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators discarding their passbooks to protest apartheid, 1960]] |
| South African governments since the eighteenth century had enacted measures to restrict the flow of African South Africans into cities. Pass laws, intended to control and direct their movement and employment, were updated in the 1950s. Under the country's [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government, African residents in urban districts were subject to influx control measures. Individuals over sixteen were required to carry [[pass laws|passbooks]], which contained an identity card, employment and influx authorisation from a labour bureau, name of employer and address, and details of personal history.<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Irving|title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa|page=603}}</ref> Leading up to the Sharpeville massacre, the National Party administration under the leadership of [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] used these laws to enforce greater racial segregation<ref name="TimeArticle">{{cite magazine | title=The Sharpeville Massacre | magazine=Time Magazine | date=4 April 1960 | url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869441,00.html | access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> and, in 1959–1960, extended them to include women.<ref name="TRCReport">{{cite book | title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 3, Chapter 6 | date=28 October 1998 | pages=531–537 | url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume 3.pdf| access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>{{rp|pp.14,528}} From the 1960s, the pass laws were the primary instrument used by the state to detain and harass its political opponents.<ref name="TRCReport"/>{{rp|p.163}} | South African governments since the eighteenth century had enacted measures to restrict the flow of African South Africans into cities. Pass laws, intended to control and direct their movement and employment, were updated in the 1950s. Under the country's [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government, African residents in urban districts were subject to influx control measures. Individuals over sixteen were required to carry [[pass laws|passbooks]], which contained an identity card, employment and influx authorisation from a labour bureau, name of employer and address, and details of personal history.<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Irving|title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa|page=603}}</ref> Leading up to the Sharpeville massacre, the National Party administration under the leadership of [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] used these laws to enforce greater racial segregation<ref name="TimeArticle">{{cite magazine | title=The Sharpeville Massacre | magazine=Time Magazine | date=4 April 1960 | url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869441,00.html | access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> and, in 1959–1960, extended them to include women.<ref name="TRCReport">{{cite book | title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 3, Chapter 6 | date=28 October 1998 | pages=531–537 | url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume 3.pdf| access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>{{rp|pp.14,528}} From the 1960s, the pass laws were the primary instrument used by the state to detain and harass its political opponents.<ref name="TRCReport"/>{{rp|p.163}} |
Okumaya devam et...