Austronesier:
{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{infobox language family
|name=Rote–Meto
|region=[[Indonesia]] ([[Rote Island|Rote]], western [[Timor]])<br>[[East Timor]] ([[Oecusse]])
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central–Eastern]]
|fam4=[[Timoric languages|Timor–Babar]]
|child1=Meto
|child2=West Rote
|child3=Nuclear Rote
|glotto=rote1234
|glottorefname=Rote-Meto
|map=Timor languages according to Edwards (2020).pdf
|mapcaption=Linguistic map of the Timor area. Rote Island is bottom-left. Meto varieties are spoken over most of western Timor. Helong (purple) and Kupang Malay (beige) spoken in the western tip of Timor do not belong to the Rote–Meto subgroup.
}}
The '''Rote–Meto languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]] spoken in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. It includes [[Meto language|Meto]] spoken on Timor and the languages of [[Rote Island]].
==Languages==
Meto (also called ''Dawan'', ''Atoni'' or simply ''Timorese'') is a cluster of closely related dialects spoken in the [[West Timor|Indonesian part of Timor]] and in the [[Oecusse|Oecusse district]] of [[East Timor]]. Rote–Meto varieties spoken on Rote Island can be divided into two groups, West Meto and Nuclear (or East) Meto:<ref name=Edwards2021>{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Owen |year=2021 |url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n8704/pdf/book.pdf |title=Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary |location=Canberra |publisher=ANU Press}}</ref>
* West Meto: [[Dela-Oenale language|Dela-Oenale]], [[Dengka language|Dengka]]
* Nuclear Meto: [[Ba'a language|Ba'a]], [[Bilbaa language|Bilbaa]], [[Bokai language|Bokai]], [[Keka language|Keka]], [[Korbafo language|Korbafo]], [[Landu language|Landu]], [[Lole language|Lole]], [[Oepao language|Oepao]], [[Rikou language|Rikou]], [[Termanu language|Termanu]], [[Tii language|Tii]]
==Classification==
A close relation between Meto and the languages of Rote was proposed in the 20th century by Jonker (1913) and Mills (1991).<ref name=Jonker1913>{{cite journal |last=Jonker |first=J. C. G. |year=1913 |title=Bijdrage tot de kennis der Rottineesche tongvallen |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië |volume=68 |pages=521–622 |jstor=20769734}}.</ref><ref name=Mills1991>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Roger F. |year=1991 |chapter=Tanimbar-Kei: An Eastern Indonesian Subgroup |editor=Robert Blust |title=Currents in Pacific Linguistics: Papers on Austronesian Languages and ethnolinguistics in Honour of George W. Grace |pages=241–263 |series=Pacific Linguistics, C-117 |location=Canberra |publisher=Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-C117.241}}</ref> Edwards (2018a, 2018b, 2021) studied the phonological history of the Rote–Meto languages and reconstructed the ancestral proto-language, ''Proto-Rote–Meto'', based on internal evidence from the Rote–Meto languages, and also from the top-down by tracing the phonological changes that occurred in Rote–Meto reflexes of [[Proto-Austronesian]] and [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] reconstructions.<ref name=Edwards2021/><ref name=Edwards2018a>{{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Owen |year=2018a |title=Parallel Histories in Rote-Meto |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=359–409 |doi=10.1353/ol.2018.0016 |hdl=1887/67592 |hdl-access=free}}.</ref><ref name=Edwards2018b>{{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Owen |year=2018b |title=Top-Down Historical Phonology of Rote-Meto |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=63–90 |hdl=10524/52421 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
Inspite of being located at the opposite geopraphical ends of the Rote–Meto speech area, Meto and West Rote share many common features in their lexicon and historical phonology.<ref name=Jonker1913/><ref name=Edwards2018a/> This suggests that Proto-Rote–Meto first split into two branches, West Rote-Meto and Nuclear Rote.
{{clade
|label1=Rote–Meto
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=West Rote–Meto
|1={{clade
|1=Meto
|2=West Rote
}}
}}
|2=Nuclear Rote
}}
}}
Subsequently, Meto was in close contact with Nuclear Rote varieties and underwent some shared innovations with the latter. Most likely, speakers of an early form of the Meto cluster originally lived on Rote Islands in the vicinity of West Rote speakers, but later in history migrated to Timor, where they only remained in contact with speakers of Nuclear Rote varieties.<ref name=Edwards2018a/>
On a higher level, the Rote–Meto languages are related to the Austronesian languages spoken to the east.<ref name=Mills1991/> Edwards (2021) includes them in a proposed [[Timoric languages|Timor–Babar]] subgroup, that comprises all Austronensian languages languages spoken in an area that ranges from Rote Island across Timor and the [[Barat Daya Islands]] to [[Selaru]] (one of the [[Tanimbar Islands]]).<ref name=Edwards2021/>
==Reconstruction==
===Comparison table===
This comparison table (a small selection from Edwards (2021:88–403)) illustrates the correspondences between the Rote–Meto languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Rote–Meto innovations.<ref name=Edwards2021/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=6 | Words inherited from [[Proto-Austronesian]] (PAn)
|-
! Nuclear Rote<br/>([[Termanu language|Termanu]])
! West Rote<br/>([[Dengka language|Dengka]])
! Meto<br/>([[Amarasi language|Amarasi]])
! PRM
! PAn
! Meaning
|-
| {{Lang|twu|uda}}|| {{Lang|dnk|uɗan}}|| {{Lang|aaz|uran}}|| *uɗan || *quzan || 'rain'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|huni}}|| {{Lang|dnk|hundi}}|| {{Lang|aaz|uki}}|| *hundi || *punti || 'banana'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|dale-k}}|| {{Lang|dnk|lala-ʔ}}|| {{Lang|aaz|nana-ʔ}}|| *dalə || *daləm || 'inside'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|ledo}}|| {{Lang|dnk|lelo}}|| {{Lang|aaz|neno}}|| *ledo || *qaləjaw || 'sun, day'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|fee}}|| {{Lang|dnk|fee}}|| {{Lang|aaz|fee}}|| *fee || *bəRay || 'give'
|-
! colspan=6 | Rote–Meto innovations
|-
! Nuclear Rote<br/>([[Termanu language|Termanu]])
! West Rote<br/>([[Dengka language|Dengka]])
! Meto<br/>([[Amarasi language|Amarasi]])
! PRM
! PAn
! Meaning
|-
| {{Lang|twu|hoka}}|| {{Lang|dnk|hoka}}|| {{Lang|aaz|hoka}}|| *hoka || - || 'invite'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|lui}}|| {{Lang|dnk|lui}}|| {{Lang|aaz|nui}}|| *lui || - || 'remove'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|ndui}}|| {{Lang|dnk|ndui}}|| {{Lang|aaz|kui}}|| *ndui || - || 'draw water'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|pinu}}|| {{Lang|dnk|mbinu}}|| {{Lang|aaz|pinu}}|| *mbinu || - || 'snot'
|}
===Lexical influence from non-Austronesian langauges===
One third of the basic lexicon reconstructed for Proto-Rote–Meto does not go back to known Austronesian sources. Many of these reconstructed words have sounds that did not occur in the ancestral Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian languages, such as [[prenasalized stop]]s at the beginning of a word. Most likely, these words were borrowed from a non-Austronesian language spoken by earlier inhabitants of the area.<ref name=Edwards2018a/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Marian |last1=Klamer |first2=Francesca R. |last2=Moro |chapter=Lexical Borrowing in Austronesian and Papuan Languages: Concepts, Methodology and Findings |editor-first1=Marian |editor-last1=Klamer |editor-first2=Francesca R. |editor-last2=Moro |title=Traces of Contact in the Lexicon: Austronesian and Papuan Studies |pages=1–21 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004529458_002}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Languages of East Timor]]
[[Category:Timor–Babar languages]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{infobox language family
|name=Rote–Meto
|region=[[Indonesia]] ([[Rote Island|Rote]], western [[Timor]])<br>[[East Timor]] ([[Oecusse]])
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central–Eastern]]
|fam4=[[Timoric languages|Timor–Babar]]
|child1=Meto
|child2=West Rote
|child3=Nuclear Rote
|glotto=rote1234
|glottorefname=Rote-Meto
|map=Timor languages according to Edwards (2020).pdf
|mapcaption=Linguistic map of the Timor area. Rote Island is bottom-left. Meto varieties are spoken over most of western Timor. Helong (purple) and Kupang Malay (beige) spoken in the western tip of Timor do not belong to the Rote–Meto subgroup.
}}
The '''Rote–Meto languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]] spoken in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. It includes [[Meto language|Meto]] spoken on Timor and the languages of [[Rote Island]].
==Languages==
Meto (also called ''Dawan'', ''Atoni'' or simply ''Timorese'') is a cluster of closely related dialects spoken in the [[West Timor|Indonesian part of Timor]] and in the [[Oecusse|Oecusse district]] of [[East Timor]]. Rote–Meto varieties spoken on Rote Island can be divided into two groups, West Meto and Nuclear (or East) Meto:<ref name=Edwards2021>{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Owen |year=2021 |url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n8704/pdf/book.pdf |title=Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary |location=Canberra |publisher=ANU Press}}</ref>
* West Meto: [[Dela-Oenale language|Dela-Oenale]], [[Dengka language|Dengka]]
* Nuclear Meto: [[Ba'a language|Ba'a]], [[Bilbaa language|Bilbaa]], [[Bokai language|Bokai]], [[Keka language|Keka]], [[Korbafo language|Korbafo]], [[Landu language|Landu]], [[Lole language|Lole]], [[Oepao language|Oepao]], [[Rikou language|Rikou]], [[Termanu language|Termanu]], [[Tii language|Tii]]
==Classification==
A close relation between Meto and the languages of Rote was proposed in the 20th century by Jonker (1913) and Mills (1991).<ref name=Jonker1913>{{cite journal |last=Jonker |first=J. C. G. |year=1913 |title=Bijdrage tot de kennis der Rottineesche tongvallen |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië |volume=68 |pages=521–622 |jstor=20769734}}.</ref><ref name=Mills1991>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Roger F. |year=1991 |chapter=Tanimbar-Kei: An Eastern Indonesian Subgroup |editor=Robert Blust |title=Currents in Pacific Linguistics: Papers on Austronesian Languages and ethnolinguistics in Honour of George W. Grace |pages=241–263 |series=Pacific Linguistics, C-117 |location=Canberra |publisher=Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-C117.241}}</ref> Edwards (2018a, 2018b, 2021) studied the phonological history of the Rote–Meto languages and reconstructed the ancestral proto-language, ''Proto-Rote–Meto'', based on internal evidence from the Rote–Meto languages, and also from the top-down by tracing the phonological changes that occurred in Rote–Meto reflexes of [[Proto-Austronesian]] and [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] reconstructions.<ref name=Edwards2021/><ref name=Edwards2018a>{{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Owen |year=2018a |title=Parallel Histories in Rote-Meto |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=359–409 |doi=10.1353/ol.2018.0016 |hdl=1887/67592 |hdl-access=free}}.</ref><ref name=Edwards2018b>{{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Owen |year=2018b |title=Top-Down Historical Phonology of Rote-Meto |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=63–90 |hdl=10524/52421 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
Inspite of being located at the opposite geopraphical ends of the Rote–Meto speech area, Meto and West Rote share many common features in their lexicon and historical phonology.<ref name=Jonker1913/><ref name=Edwards2018a/> This suggests that Proto-Rote–Meto first split into two branches, West Rote-Meto and Nuclear Rote.
{{clade
|label1=Rote–Meto
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=West Rote–Meto
|1={{clade
|1=Meto
|2=West Rote
}}
}}
|2=Nuclear Rote
}}
}}
Subsequently, Meto was in close contact with Nuclear Rote varieties and underwent some shared innovations with the latter. Most likely, speakers of an early form of the Meto cluster originally lived on Rote Islands in the vicinity of West Rote speakers, but later in history migrated to Timor, where they only remained in contact with speakers of Nuclear Rote varieties.<ref name=Edwards2018a/>
On a higher level, the Rote–Meto languages are related to the Austronesian languages spoken to the east.<ref name=Mills1991/> Edwards (2021) includes them in a proposed [[Timoric languages|Timor–Babar]] subgroup, that comprises all Austronensian languages languages spoken in an area that ranges from Rote Island across Timor and the [[Barat Daya Islands]] to [[Selaru]] (one of the [[Tanimbar Islands]]).<ref name=Edwards2021/>
==Reconstruction==
===Comparison table===
This comparison table (a small selection from Edwards (2021:88–403)) illustrates the correspondences between the Rote–Meto languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Rote–Meto innovations.<ref name=Edwards2021/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=6 | Words inherited from [[Proto-Austronesian]] (PAn)
|-
! Nuclear Rote<br/>([[Termanu language|Termanu]])
! West Rote<br/>([[Dengka language|Dengka]])
! Meto<br/>([[Amarasi language|Amarasi]])
! PRM
! PAn
! Meaning
|-
| {{Lang|twu|uda}}|| {{Lang|dnk|uɗan}}|| {{Lang|aaz|uran}}|| *uɗan || *quzan || 'rain'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|huni}}|| {{Lang|dnk|hundi}}|| {{Lang|aaz|uki}}|| *hundi || *punti || 'banana'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|dale-k}}|| {{Lang|dnk|lala-ʔ}}|| {{Lang|aaz|nana-ʔ}}|| *dalə || *daləm || 'inside'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|ledo}}|| {{Lang|dnk|lelo}}|| {{Lang|aaz|neno}}|| *ledo || *qaləjaw || 'sun, day'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|fee}}|| {{Lang|dnk|fee}}|| {{Lang|aaz|fee}}|| *fee || *bəRay || 'give'
|-
! colspan=6 | Rote–Meto innovations
|-
! Nuclear Rote<br/>([[Termanu language|Termanu]])
! West Rote<br/>([[Dengka language|Dengka]])
! Meto<br/>([[Amarasi language|Amarasi]])
! PRM
! PAn
! Meaning
|-
| {{Lang|twu|hoka}}|| {{Lang|dnk|hoka}}|| {{Lang|aaz|hoka}}|| *hoka || - || 'invite'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|lui}}|| {{Lang|dnk|lui}}|| {{Lang|aaz|nui}}|| *lui || - || 'remove'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|ndui}}|| {{Lang|dnk|ndui}}|| {{Lang|aaz|kui}}|| *ndui || - || 'draw water'
|-
| {{Lang|twu|pinu}}|| {{Lang|dnk|mbinu}}|| {{Lang|aaz|pinu}}|| *mbinu || - || 'snot'
|}
===Lexical influence from non-Austronesian langauges===
One third of the basic lexicon reconstructed for Proto-Rote–Meto does not go back to known Austronesian sources. Many of these reconstructed words have sounds that did not occur in the ancestral Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian languages, such as [[prenasalized stop]]s at the beginning of a word. Most likely, these words were borrowed from a non-Austronesian language spoken by earlier inhabitants of the area.<ref name=Edwards2018a/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Marian |last1=Klamer |first2=Francesca R. |last2=Moro |chapter=Lexical Borrowing in Austronesian and Papuan Languages: Concepts, Methodology and Findings |editor-first1=Marian |editor-last1=Klamer |editor-first2=Francesca R. |editor-last2=Moro |title=Traces of Contact in the Lexicon: Austronesian and Papuan Studies |pages=1–21 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004529458_002}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Languages of East Timor]]
[[Category:Timor–Babar languages]]
Okumaya devam et...