Synthetic organosulfates: update ref and subordinate esoterica
Okumaya devam et...
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| ==Synthetic organosulfates== | ==Synthetic organosulfates== |
| A common example is [[sodium lauryl sulfate]], with the formula CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>OSO<sub>3</sub>Na. Also common in consumer products are the sulfate esters of [[ethoxylation|ethoxylated]] fatty alcohols such as those derived from [[lauryl alcohol]]. An example is [[sodium laureth sulfate]], an ingredient in some [[cosmetics]].<ref>Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang von Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2}}.</ref> | A common example is [[sodium lauryl sulfate]], with the formula CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>OSO<sub>3</sub>Na. Also common in consumer products are the sulfate esters of [[ethoxylation|ethoxylated]] [[fatty alcohol]]s such as those derived from [[lauryl alcohol]]. An example is [[sodium laureth sulfate]], an ingredient in some [[cosmetics]].<ref>Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang von Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2}}.</ref> |
| Alkylsulfate can be produced from alcohols, which in turn are obtained by [[hydrogenation]] of animal or vegetable oils and fats or using the [[Ziegler–Natta catalyst|Ziegler process]] or through [[oxo synthesis]]. If produced from [[oleochemical]] feedstock or the Ziegler process, the [[hydrocarbon]] chain of the alcohol will be linear. If derived using the oxo process, a low level of branching will appear usually with a methyl or ethyl group at the C-2 position, containing even and odd amounts of alkyl chains.<ref>Klaus Noweck, Wolfgang Grafahrend, "Fatty Alcohols" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a10_277.pub2}}</ref> These alcohols react with [[chlorosulfuric acid]]: | Alkylsulfate can be produced from alcohols, which in turn are obtained by [[hydrogenation]] of animal or vegetable oils and fats or using the [[Ziegler–Natta catalyst|Ziegler process]] or through [[oxo synthesis]]. If produced from [[oleochemical]] feedstock or the Ziegler process, the [[hydrocarbon]] chain of the alcohol will be linear. If derived using the oxo process, a low level of branching will appear usually with a methyl or ethyl group at the C-2 position, containing even and odd amounts of alkyl chains.<ref>Klaus Noweck, Wolfgang Grafahrend, "Fatty Alcohols" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a10_277.pub2}}</ref> These alcohols react with [[chlorosulfuric acid]]: |
| :{{chem2 | ClSO3H + ROH -> ROSO3H + HCl }} | :{{chem2 | ClSO3H + RCH2OH -> RCH2OSO3H + HCl }} |
| Alternatively, alcohols can be converted to the half sulfate esters using [[sulfur trioxide]]:<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|doi=10.1002/14356007.a25_747|title=Surfactants|book=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2000|last1=Kosswig|first1=Kurt|isbn=3527306730}}</ref> | Alternatively, alcohols can be converted to the half sulfate esters using [[sulfur trioxide]]:<ref name=UllmannSurf>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/14356007.a25_747.pub2 |chapter=Surfactants |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2019 |last1=Holmberg |first1=Krister |pages=1–56 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 }}</ref> |
| :{{chem2 | SO3 + ROH -> ROSO3H }} | :{{chem2 | SO3 + RCH2OH -> RCH2OSO3H }} |
| ===Laboratory routes=== | |
| Some organosulfates can be prepared by the [[Elbs persulfate oxidation]] of phenols and the [[Boyland–Sims oxidation]] of anilines. | Specialized organosulfates can be prepared by the [[Elbs persulfate oxidation]] of phenols and the [[Boyland–Sims oxidation]] of anilines. |
| ==Dialkylsulfates== | ==Dialkylsulfates== |
Okumaya devam et...