History
Okumaya devam et...
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| During the [[Roman Empire]], a small settlement called ''Unica Colonia'' existed in the area of the current Oran, but this settlement disappeared as the [[Maghreb]] was conquered by a succession of regional powers, beginning with the [[Vandals]] in [[Vandal conquest of Roman Africa|435]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Syvänne |first=Ilkka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHD7DwAAQBAJ&dq=435+vandals+peace&pg=PA35 |title=Military History of Late Rome 425–457 |date=19 September 2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-4738-7217-2 |language=en}}</ref> followed by the [[Berbers]] of the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolfram |first1=Herwig |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |date=November 1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24490-0 |page=170 |edition=Paperback |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |access-date=4 May 2023 |chapter=Seven - The Vandals: A Unique Case}}</ref> and finally the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Arabs]] around [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|the start of the 8th century]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwartz |first1=Carl |title=Mission Stations of the British Society |magazine=The Scattered Nation and Jewish Christian |date=1 March 1867 |publisher=Elliot Stock |location=London |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9_NAAAAMAAJ&dq="Unica+Colonia"+Roman+"Oran"&pg=PA76 |access-date=3 May 2023 }}</ref> | During the [[Roman Empire]], a small settlement called ''Unica Colonia'' existed in the area of the current Oran, but this settlement disappeared as the [[Maghreb]] was conquered by a succession of regional powers, beginning with the [[Vandals]] in [[Vandal conquest of Roman Africa|435]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Syvänne |first=Ilkka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHD7DwAAQBAJ&dq=435+vandals+peace&pg=PA35 |title=Military History of Late Rome 425–457 |date=19 September 2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-4738-7217-2 |language=en}}</ref> followed by the [[Berbers]] of the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolfram |first1=Herwig |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |date=November 1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24490-0 |page=170 |edition=Paperback |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |access-date=4 May 2023 |chapter=Seven - The Vandals: A Unique Case}}</ref> and finally the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Arabs]] around [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|the start of the 8th century]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwartz |first1=Carl |title=Mission Stations of the British Society |magazine=The Scattered Nation and Jewish Christian |date=1 March 1867 |publisher=Elliot Stock |location=London |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9_NAAAAMAAJ&dq="Unica+Colonia"+Roman+"Oran"&pg=PA76 |access-date=3 May 2023 }}</ref> |
| Present-day Oran was founded in 903 by the {{ILL|Azdadja|fr}} and Ajissa [[Berbers]] of the [[Maghrawa]] confederation who lived in the area.<ref name="google.ca">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45exFa6wDIIC&dq=founder+of+oran+azdaja&pg=PA169 | isbn=978-0-253-00146-7 | title=Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa | date=July 2011 | publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref> The city enjoyed a period of prosperity under the [[Almohad]] Caliph [[Abd al-Mu'min]] for a lengthy period of time when he built thirty vessels to connect it with Andalusia.<ref name="google.ca"/> It endured a long, prosperous reign under the zayyanid of Tlemcen and used its ports as a key outlet to Spain in particular.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&dq=zayyanid+oran&pg=PA289 | isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | year=2007 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> It was captured by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilians]] under [[Cardinal Cisneros]] in 1509, and Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708 when the city was conquered by the [[Algerians]] during the siege of [[Siege of Oran (1707–1708)]]. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so during the reign of King [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] the city was recaptured in 1790-1792 by a coalition of Algerian troops against Spain which resulted in victory for the bey of Oran despite the many attempts in 1563. The beylik lasted until 1831 when the city fell to the [[July Monarchy|French]]. | Present-day Oran was founded in 903 by the {{ILL|Azdadja|fr}} and Ajissa [[Berbers]] of the [[Maghrawa]] confederation who lived in the area.<ref name="google.ca">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45exFa6wDIIC&dq=founder+of+oran+azdaja&pg=PA169 | isbn=978-0-253-00146-7 | title=Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa | date=July 2011 | publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref> The city enjoyed a period of prosperity under the [[Almohad]] Caliph [[Abd al-Mu'min]] for a lengthy period of time when he built thirty vessels to connect it with Andalusia.<ref name="google.ca"/> It endured a long, prosperous reign under the zayyanid of Tlemcen and used its ports as a key outlet to Spain in particular.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&dq=zayyanid+oran&pg=PA289 | isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | year=2007 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> It was captured by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilians]] under [[Cardinal Cisneros]] in 1509, and Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708 when the city was conquered by the [[Algerians]] during the siege of [[Siege of Oran (1707–1708)]]. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so during the reign of King [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] the city was [[Siege of Oran (1790–1792)|recaptured]] in 1790-1792 by a coalition of Algerian troops against Spain which resulted in victory for the bey of Oran despite the many attempts in 1563. The beylik lasted until 1831 when the city fell to the [[July Monarchy|French]]. |
| Under [[French Algeria|French rule]] during the 19th and 20th centuries, Oran was the capital of a ''[[département]]'' of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the [[Royal Navy|British navy]] [[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir|shelled French warships]] in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender; this action was taken to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands, as the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] had defeated France and occupied Paris. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for [[United Kingdom|Britain]] but convinced the world that the British would fight alone against [[Nazi Germany]] and its allies. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] held Oran during [[World War II]] until its capture by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in late 1942, during [[Operation Torch]]. | Under [[French Algeria|French rule]] during the 19th and 20th centuries, Oran was the capital of a ''[[département]]'' of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the [[Royal Navy|British navy]] [[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir|shelled French warships]] in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender; this action was taken to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands, as the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] had defeated France and occupied Paris. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for [[United Kingdom|Britain]] but convinced the world that the British would fight alone against [[Nazi Germany]] and its allies. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] held Oran during [[World War II]] until its capture by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in late 1942, during [[Operation Torch]]. |
Okumaya devam et...