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| === Groups Involved === | === Groups Involved === |
| The [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran|Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization]] (MEK or MKO) was originally an anti-Shah student movement founded in 1965.<ref name=":0">Cohen, Ronen A. 2021. "The Mojahedin-e Khalq's Utilization of Karbala's Ethos and the Creation of an Ex-Patriot Nationalism." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 58 (4): 636–48. {{doi|10.1080/00263206.2021.1962305}}.</ref> This group was one of a handful of revolutionary organizations that toppled the Shah's government. While the MEK supported the Islamist overthrow of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the group broke dramatically with the Islamic movement shortly after the Shah's ouster, and, in 1981, went into exile in France.<ref name=":1">Reuters and Chicago Sun-Times (IL). 1998. "[https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/n...d-base-0=alltext&docref=news/0EB36DEDB649FF3F Rebels Rate as Wild Card in Gulf Future.]" Infoweb.Newsbank.Com. July 30, 1998. Accessed April 23, 2023 .</ref> The MEK was expelled by the French government in 1986;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Masters, Jonathan. 2014. "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)." ''Council on Foreign Relations'', July 28, 2014. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mujahadeen-e-khalq-mek .</ref> the group's expulsion was a condition of a deal between the Chirac administration and Iran that led to the release of French hostages held by Iranian-backed groups in Lebanon.<ref name=":2" /> The MEK, also known as the Mojahedin, shifted their base of operations to Iraq, and established a military front, the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLAI), the following year to attack Iranian forces.<ref name=":0" /> The NLAI's initial tactics were centered on hit-and-run attacks that prioritized quick strikes and hasty retreats to avoid excessive losses.<ref name=":0" /> Because of defections from the Iranian military to the NLAI resulting from NLAI military successes, the NLAI assumed the more military operations they conducted the more Iranian soldiers would defect. So their main military strategy was to conduct frequent operations to increase defections.<ref name=":3">Cohen, Ronen A. 2018. "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: From War to Propaganda and the War on Propaganda and Diplomacy." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 54 (6): 1000–1014. {{doi|10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813}}.</ref> | The [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran|Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization]] (MEK or MKO) was originally an anti-Shah student movement founded in 1965.<ref name=":0">Cohen, Ronen A. 2021. "The Mojahedin-e Khalq's Utilization of Karbala's Ethos and the Creation of an Ex-Patriot Nationalism." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 58 (4): 636–48. {{doi|10.1080/00263206.2021.1962305}}.</ref> This group was one of a handful of revolutionary organizations that toppled the Shah's government. While the MEK supported the Islamist overthrow of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the group broke dramatically with the Islamic movement shortly after the Shah's ouster, and, in 1981, went into exile in France.<ref name=":1">Reuters and Chicago Sun-Times (IL). 1998. "[https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/n...d-base-0=alltext&docref=news/0EB36DEDB649FF3F Rebels Rate as Wild Card in Gulf Future.]" Infoweb.Newsbank.Com. July 30, 1998. Accessed April 23, 2023 .</ref>{{paywall}} The MEK was expelled by the French government in 1986;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Masters, Jonathan. 2014. "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)." ''Council on Foreign Relations'', July 28, 2014. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mujahadeen-e-khalq-mek .</ref> the group's expulsion was a condition of a deal between the Chirac administration and Iran that led to the release of French hostages held by Iranian-backed groups in Lebanon.<ref name=":2" /> The MEK, also known as the Mojahedin, shifted their base of operations to Iraq, and established a military front, the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLAI), the following year to attack Iranian forces.<ref name=":0" /> The NLAI's initial tactics were centered on hit-and-run attacks that prioritized quick strikes and hasty retreats to avoid excessive losses.<ref name=":0" /> Because of defections from the Iranian military to the NLAI resulting from NLAI military successes, the NLAI assumed the more military operations they conducted the more Iranian soldiers would defect. So their main military strategy was to conduct frequent operations to increase defections.<ref name=":3">Cohen, Ronen A. 2018. "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: From War to Propaganda and the War on Propaganda and Diplomacy." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 54 (6): 1000–1014. {{doi|10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813}}.</ref> |
| In the late 1980s, the NLAI's activities were supported by Iraq, and this support was justified by pointing to the group's armed opposition to the spread of the Islamic Revolution.<ref name=":3" /> Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein armed the MEK with "heavy military equipment" and utilized its force of fighters in operations against Iranian forces during the Iran-Iraq War directing "thousands of MEK fighters" to attempt "suicidal, mass wave attacks against Iranian forces".<ref name=":2" /> | In the late 1980s, the NLAI's activities were supported by Iraq, and this support was justified by pointing to the group's armed opposition to the spread of the Islamic Revolution.<ref name=":3" /> Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein armed the MEK with "heavy military equipment" and utilized its force of fighters in operations against Iranian forces during the Iran-Iraq War directing "thousands of MEK fighters" to attempt "suicidal, mass wave attacks against Iranian forces".<ref name=":2" /> |
Okumaya devam et...