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Okumaya devam et...
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| {{Short description|City in Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic}} | {{Short description|City in Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic}} |
| {{More citations needed|date=March 2024}} | |
| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement |
| | name = Mladá Boleslav | | name = Mladá Boleslav |
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| ==Geography== | ==Geography== |
| Mladá Boleslav is located about {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Prague]]. The eastern part of the municipal territory lies in the [[Jičín Uplands]], the western part lies in the [[Jizera Table]]. The highest point is located on the slopes of the Chlum hill, at {{convert|301|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The city is situated on the left bank of the [[Jizera (river)|Jizera]] River, at its confluence with the Klenice River. The historic city centre is situated on a promontory above the confluence. | Mladá Boleslav is located about {{convert|45|km}} northeast of [[Prague]]. The eastern part of the municipal territory lies in the [[Jičín Uplands]] and the western part lies in the [[Jizera Table]]. The highest point is located on the slopes of the Chlum hill at {{convert|301|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The city is situated on the left bank of the [[Jizera (river)|Jizera]] River, at its confluence with the Klenice River. The historic city centre is situated on a promontory above the confluence. |
| ==History== | ==History== |
| [[File:Hrad03.jpg|thumb|Mladá Boleslav Castle]] | [[File:Hrad03.jpg|thumb|Mladá Boleslav Castle]] |
| [[File:Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Mladá Boleslav) 02.JPG|thumb|Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]] | [[File:Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Mladá Boleslav) 02.JPG|thumb|Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]] |
 | Mladá Boleslav was built in 995, under [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus II]]., as the seat of a ''[[gaugraf]]'' or royal count, in the area of today's historic centre.<ref name=":0">{{EB1911|inline=1|volume=15|page=556|wstitle=Jung-Bunzlau}}</ref> The first trustworthy written mention of the gord is from 1130, when it was also called "New Boleslav" for the first time.<ref name=history>{{cite web |title=Historie města|url=https://www.mb-net.cz/historie-mesta/ms-62792/p1=62792|publisher=City of Mladá Boleslav|language=cs|access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref> Probably in the 11th century, a settlement was founded below the promontory, on an important site on the road from Prague to northern [[Bohemia]], [[Lusatia]] and [[Brandenburg]].<ref name=history/> |
| ===Early history=== | |
| Early in the 13th century it was given the privileges of a town and pledged to the lords of Michalovic. In the [[Hussite Wars|Hussite wars]] Jung-Bunzlau adhered to the [[Taborites]] and became later the metropolis of the [[Bohemian Brethren]].<ref name=":0" /> | |
| In the second half of the 10th century, a [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]] was founded by Duke [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus II]] on a [[promontory]], in the area of today's historic centre. The first trustworthy written mention of the gord is from 1130, when it was also called "New Boleslav" for the first time.<ref name=history>{{cite web |title=Historie města|url=https://www.mb-net.cz/historie-mesta/ms-62792/p1=62792|publisher=City of Mladá Boleslav|language=cs|access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> Probably in the 11th century, a settlement was founded below the promontory in an area called Podolec, on an important site on the road from Prague to northern [[Bohemia]], [[Lusatia]] and [[Brandenburg]].<ref name=history/> |
| A new stone royal castle was built on top of the promontory next to the gord in the middle of the 13th century and the gord was abandoned. In 1548 and after a fire in 1555, [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] reconstructions were made.<ref name="castle">{{cite web |title=Hrad v Mladé Boleslavi|url=https://www.hrady.cz/index.php?OID=...r=Hrady.cz|language=cs|access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref> In 1600, Mladá Boleslav was promoted to a royal city by Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]].<ref name="dejiny" /> During the [[Thirty Years' War]] it was twice burned, in 1631 by the imperialists, and in 1640 by the Swedes.<ref name=":0" /> | During the 13th century, the settlement in Podolec grew, acquired an urban character and even some privileges of the town. A new stone royal castle was built on top of the promontory next to the gord in the middle of the 13th century and the gord was abandoned. In 1318, Lords of Michalovice acquired Mladá Boleslav from King [[John of Bohemia]]. In 1334, the market village was moved to the area in front of the castle and was promoted to a town. From that times, the town was called Mladá Boleslav.<ref name=history/> |
| ===15th–16th centuries=== | |
| In the 16th century, Mladá Boleslav was a leading centre of the [[Moravian Church]], hosting the Brethren's [[bishop]], a Renaissance church and a printing house. In 1518, the very first map of Bohemia was printed by [[Mikuláš Klaudyán]] in Mladá Boleslav. After the [[Thirty Years' War]] in the 17th century, the city's population declined by 40% and the castle was in ruins.<ref name=history/> | |
| In the [[Hussite Wars]], Mladá Boleslav adhered to the [[Taborites]]. In the mid-15th century, the town has about 2,000 inhabitants. Lords of Michalovice died out in 1468 and Mladá Boleslav was acquired by the Tovačovský of Cimburk family. Before the end of the 15th century, they left the desolated Minorite monastery to the [[Moravian Church|Unity of the Brethren]], which settled there and thus began and thus began the period of the town's greatest prosperity. At the beginning of the 16th century, Mladá Boleslav was inherited by the Krajíř of Krajek family. In the 16th century, Mladá Boleslav was a leading centre of the Unity of the Brethren, hosting the Brethren's [[bishop]], a Renaissance church and a printing house. In 1518, the very first map of Bohemia was printed by [[Mikuláš Klaudyán]] in Mladá Boleslav.<ref name=history/> | |
| After death of Adam Krajíř of Krajek in 1588, Mladá Boleslav became property of the Hasištejnský branch of the [[Lobkowicz family]]. They invited a large Lutheran community from Germany to the city and thus began the Germanization of the city. In 1595, Mladá Boleslav became a free city. In 1600, Mladá Boleslav was promoted to a royal city by Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]].<ref name=history/> | |
| At the beginning of the 18th century, the former castle was rebuilt into [[barracks]]. During the World War II, it was an internment centre of Jews. Since 1972 the castle serves as the Regional Museum and as the seat of the district archive.<ref name=castle/> | |
| ===17th–20th centuries=== | |
| At the beginning of the 17th century, Mladá Boleslav has about 3,100 inhabitants. During the [[Thirty Years' War]] in the first half od the 17th century, the city was twice burned, in 1631 by the imperialists, and in 1640 by the [[Military of the Swedish Empire|Swedish army]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|volume=15|page=556|wstitle=Jung-Bunzlau}}</ref> After the war, the city's population declined by 40% and the castle was in ruins. The castle remained unrestored for several decades and the city lost its former importance. Other disasters were the [[Silesian Wars]] and a large fire in 1761. A new stage of development and prosperity began only in 1784.<ref name=history/> | |
| In the 19th century, new prosperity came: the city became an important regional centre as new schools, theatres, museums and factories (including the [[automobile]] factory [[Laurin & Klement]], today [[Škoda Auto]]) were founded. Since the 1990s, the factory has made it one of the richest and most prosperous Czech cities. | In the 19th century, new prosperity came: the city became an important regional centre as new schools, theatres, museums and factories (including the [[automobile]] factory [[Laurin & Klement]], today [[Škoda Auto]]) were founded. Since the 1990s, the factory has made it one of the richest and most prosperous Czech cities. |
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| The synagogue was demolished in 1962.<ref name=cemetery/> | The synagogue was demolished in 1962.<ref name=cemetery/> |
| === Historic churches === | |
| There are several old churches. In that of St Maria the celebrated bishop of the [[Moravian Church|Moravian church]], Johann August, was buried in 1595; but his tomb was destroyed in 1621. The church of [[St Bonaventura]] with the convent, originally belonging to the friars minor and later to the Bohemian brethren, is now a [[Piarists|Piaristic]] college. The church of [[St wenceslas|St Wenceslaus]], once a convent of the brotherhood, was used in the early 20th century for military stores.<ref name=":0" /> | |
| ==Demographics== | ==Demographics== |
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| [[File:Mladá Boleslav, stará radnice.jpg|thumb|Old City Hall in the historic centre]] | [[File:Mladá Boleslav, stará radnice.jpg|thumb|Old City Hall in the historic centre]] |
| [[File:Mladá Boleslav, Templ (3).jpg|thumb|Templ Palace]] | [[File:Mladá Boleslav, Templ (3).jpg|thumb|Templ Palace]] |
| The Renaissance Castle is the main landmark of the city. It houses the Regional Museum with historical, cultural and social history collections.<ref name=sights>{{cite web |title=Památky|url=https://www.mb-net.cz/pamatky/ms-62768/p1=62768|publisher=City of Mladá Boleslav|language=cs|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> | The main landmark of the city is the Mladá Boleslav Castle. It was built in the first half of the 14th century. In the 16th century, it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style. The castle was a ruin after the Thirty Years' War, but at the beginning of the 18th century, it was rebuilt into [[barracks]]. During the World War II, it was an internment centre of Jews. Today it houses the district archive and the Regional Museum with historical, cultural and social history collections.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite web |title=Mladoboleslavský hrad|url=https://www.mladoboleslavsko.eu/dr-cs/4241-mladoboleslavsky-hrad.html|websiter=mladoboleslavsko.eu|language=cs|access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> |
| The Old City Hall in the historic centre is a Renaissance house built in 1554–1559. It is decorated with ornamental and figurative [[sgraffito|sgraffiti]]. In the second half of the 19th century and in 1939–1941, the building was reconstructed and other wings were completed. It has two towers, the higher of them was built in 1779 and is open to the public as a lookout tower. The nearby New City Hall was built in the neo-Romanesque style in 1865–1867 and still serves its original purpose.<ref name=sights/> | The Old City Hall in the historic centre is a Renaissance house built in 1554–1559. It is decorated with ornamental and figurative [[sgraffito|sgraffiti]]. In the second half of the 19th century and in 1939–1941, the building was reconstructed and other wings were completed. It has two towers, the higher of them was built in 1779 and is open to the public as a lookout tower. The nearby New City Hall was built in the neo-Romanesque style in 1865–1867 and still serves its original purpose.<ref name=sights>{{cite web |title=Památky|url=https://www.mb-net.cz/pamatky/ms-62768/p1=62768|publisher=City of Mladá Boleslav|language=cs|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> |
| The Gothic building of Templ Palace comes from 1488–1493. It includes a historic exhibition and also serves cultural purposes.<ref name=sights/> | The Gothic building of Templ Palace comes from 1488–1493. It includes a historic exhibition and also serves cultural purposes.<ref name=sights/> |
Okumaya devam et...