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| The '''later-no-harm property''' is a property of some voting systems first described by [[Douglas Woodall]], who defined it as saying that increasing the rating of a later candidate should not hurt a candidate placed earlier on the ballot.<ref name=":0" /> For example, say a group of voters have ranked Alice 1<sup>st</sup> and Bob 3<sup>rd</sup>. Then, later-no-harm says that if this group increases [[Alice and Bob|Bob]]'s rating from 3<sup>rd</sup>-place to 2<sup>nd</sup>, this will not allow Bob to defeat Alice. | The '''later-no-harm property''' is a property of some voting systems first described by [[Douglas Woodall]], who defined it as saying that increasing the rating of a later candidate should not hurt a candidate placed earlier on the ballot.<ref name=":0" /> For example, say a group of voters have ranked Alice 1<sup>st</sup> and Bob 3<sup>rd</sup>. Then, later-no-harm says that if this group increases [[Alice and Bob|Bob]]'s rating from 3<sup>rd</sup>-place to 2<sup>nd</sup>, this will not allow Bob to defeat Alice. |
| Later-no-harm is often confused with resistance to a kind of [[strategic voting]] called [[Truncation (voting)|truncation]] or [[bullet voting]]; however, such strategies are also effective in instant-runoff voting, along with other systems that pass later-no-harm but fail [[Monotonicity criterion|positive responsiveness]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Later-No-Harm Criterion |url=https://electionscience.org/library/later-no-harm-criterion/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Center for Election Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Graham-Squire |first1=Adam |last2=McCune |first2=David |date=2023-06-12 |title=An Examination of Ranked-Choice Voting in the United States, 2004–2022 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00344893.2023.2221689 |journal=Representation |language=en |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/00344893.2023.2221689 |arxiv=2301.12075 |issn=0034-4893}}</ref> | Later-no-harm is often confused with resistance to a kind of [[strategic voting]] called [[Truncation (voting)|truncation]] or [[bullet voting]]; however, such strategies are also effective in instant-runoff voting, along with other systems that pass later-no-harm but fail [[Participation criterion|participation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Later-No-Harm Criterion |url=https://electionscience.org/library/later-no-harm-criterion/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Center for Election Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Graham-Squire |first1=Adam |last2=McCune |first2=David |date=2023-06-12 |title=An Examination of Ranked-Choice Voting in the United States, 2004–2022 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00344893.2023.2221689 |journal=Representation |language=en |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/00344893.2023.2221689 |arxiv=2301.12075 |issn=0034-4893}}</ref> |
| Later-no-harm is a defining characteristic of [[Plurality voting|plurality]] and similar systems that compare remaining candidates by how many ballots consider each candidate their "favorite". In later-no-harm systems, the results either do not depend on lower preferences at all (as in [[Plurality voting system|plurality]]) or only depend on them in situations where all higher preferences have been exhausted (as in [[instant-runoff voting]]). This tends to favor candidates with strong-but-narrow support over consensus candidates, which can lead to a phenomenon known as [[center-squeeze]].<ref name=":2" /> | Later-no-harm is a defining characteristic of [[Plurality voting|plurality]] and similar systems that compare remaining candidates by how many ballots consider each candidate their "favorite". In later-no-harm systems, the results either do not depend on lower preferences at all (as in [[Plurality voting system|plurality]]) or only depend on them in situations where all higher preferences have been exhausted (as in [[instant-runoff voting]]). This tends to favor candidates with strong-but-narrow support over consensus candidates, which can lead to a phenomenon known as [[center-squeeze]].<ref name=":2" /> |
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