International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya

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top: ref for last sentence of last paragraph of the lead; in principle repeat refs should also be used for the earlier sentences for consistency and to make it easier for the reader

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After failed attempts to conduct a criminal investigation of the key perpetrators in Kenya, the matter was referred to the International Criminal Court in [[The Hague]].<ref name="icc-receives-waki">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/si...tion icc 0109/press releases/pr439|title=Waki Commission list of names in the hands of ICC Prosecutor|website=Icc-cpi.int|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> In 2010, the Prosecutor of the ICC [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]] announced that he was seeking summonses for six people: Deputy Prime Minister [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], Industrialisation Minister [[Henry Kosgey]], Education Minister [[William Ruto]], Cabinet Secretary [[Francis Muthaura]], radio executive [[Joshua Arap Sang]] and former police commissioner [[Mohammed Hussein Ali]].<ref name="prosecutors-application-ruto-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1050835.pdf |title=Prosecutor's Application Pursuant to Article 58 as to William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang |page=6|publisher=International Criminal Court |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=2011-07-12}}</ref><ref name="prosecutors-application-muthaura-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1050845.pdf |title=Prosecutor's Application Pursuant to Article 58 as to Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali |publisher=International Criminal Court |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=2011-07-12|page=6}}</ref> The six suspects, known colloquially as the "Ocampo six"<ref name="ocampo6">{{Cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/03/201138194041369272.html |title=ICC judges summon 'Ocampo six' |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> were indicted by the ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber II on 8 March 2011 on charges of [[crimes against humanity]] and summoned to appear before the Court.<ref name="summons-muthaura-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037052.pdf |title=Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Summonses to Appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali |publisher=International Criminal Court |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=2011-07-12 |page=23 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616191212/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037052.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="summons-ruto-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037044.pdf |title=Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang |publisher=International Criminal Court |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=2011-07-12 |pages=22–23 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616182850/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037044.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>After failed attempts to conduct a criminal investigation of the key perpetrators in Kenya, the matter was referred to the International Criminal Court in [[The Hague]].<ref name="icc-receives-waki">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/si...tion icc 0109/press releases/pr439|title=Waki Commission list of names in the hands of ICC Prosecutor|website=Icc-cpi.int|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> In 2010, the Prosecutor of the ICC [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]] announced that he was seeking summonses for six people: Deputy Prime Minister [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], Industrialisation Minister [[Henry Kosgey]], Education Minister [[William Ruto]], Cabinet Secretary [[Francis Muthaura]], radio executive [[Joshua Arap Sang]] and former police commissioner [[Mohammed Hussein Ali]].<ref name="prosecutors-application-ruto-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1050835.pdf |title=Prosecutor's Application Pursuant to Article 58 as to William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang |page=6|publisher=International Criminal Court |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=2011-07-12}}</ref><ref name="prosecutors-application-muthaura-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1050845.pdf |title=Prosecutor's Application Pursuant to Article 58 as to Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali |publisher=International Criminal Court |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=2011-07-12|page=6}}</ref> The six suspects, known colloquially as the "Ocampo six"<ref name="ocampo6">{{Cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/03/201138194041369272.html |title=ICC judges summon 'Ocampo six' |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> were indicted by the ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber II on 8 March 2011 on charges of [[crimes against humanity]] and summoned to appear before the Court.<ref name="summons-muthaura-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037052.pdf |title=Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Summonses to Appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali |publisher=International Criminal Court |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=2011-07-12 |page=23 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616191212/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037052.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="summons-ruto-et-al">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037044.pdf |title=Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang |publisher=International Criminal Court |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=2011-07-12 |pages=22–23 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616182850/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1037044.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 23 January 2012 Pre-Trial Chamber II confirmed the charges against Kenyatta, Muthaura, Sang and Ruto and dismissed the charges against Kosgey and Ali. The charges against Francis Muthaura and Uhuru Kenyatta were subsequently withdrawn by the prosecution. The trial of William Ruto and Joshua Arap sang began on 10 September 2013, and ended on 5 April 2016 with the charges being dismissed. During the investigation the ICC prosecutor also charged Walter Barasa, [[Paul Gicheru]] and Philip Bett with crimes against the administration of justice.On 23 January 2012 Pre-Trial Chamber II confirmed the charges against Kenyatta, Muthaura, Sang and Ruto and dismissed the charges against Kosgey and Ali. The charges against Francis Muthaura and Uhuru Kenyatta were subsequently withdrawn by the prosecution. The trial of William Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang began on 10 September 2013, and ended on 5 April 2016 with the charges being dismissed. During the investigation the ICC prosecutor charged Walter Barasa, [[Paul Gicheru]] and Philip Bett with [[perverting the course of justice|crimes against the administration of justice]].<ref name="ICC_following_transfer_of_Paul_Gicheru" />
==Background====Background==

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