Elsewhere: More fixes per MOS:OVERLINK: major countries, regions, common words
Okumaya devam et...
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| === Elsewhere === | === Elsewhere === |
| A number of countries, primarily in [[Europe]], continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries, but they ceased to use it before France did in 1977. | A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries, but they ceased to use it before France did in 1977. |
| In [[Antwerp]], Belgium, the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of [[robbery]] and [[murder]], he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798 to 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.<ref>Gazet van Mechelen, 8 May 1956</ref> | In [[Antwerp]], Belgium, the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798 to 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.<ref>Gazet van Mechelen, 8 May 1956</ref> |
| In [[Utrecht]], the Netherlands, the first person to be beheaded was Anthony van Benthem, a criminal confined in a mental institution. He killed a cellmate after being called a sodomite. He was executed at Paardenveld on 27 July 1811. Back then, the Netherlands was part of the French Empire, Utrecht being in the [[Zuyderzée]] department. | In [[Utrecht]], the Netherlands, the first person to be beheaded was Anthony van Benthem, a criminal confined in a mental institution. He killed a cellmate after being called a sodomite. He was executed at Paardenveld on 27 July 1811. Back then, the Netherlands was part of the French Empire, Utrecht being in the [[Zuyderzée]] department. |
| In [[Switzerland]], it was used for the last time by the canton of [[Obwalden]] in the execution of murderer [[Hans Vollenweider]] in 1940. | In Switzerland, it was used for the last time by the canton of [[Obwalden]] in the execution of murderer [[Hans Vollenweider]] in 1940. |
| In [[Greece]], the guillotine (along with the [[firing squad]]) was introduced as a method of execution in 1834; it was last used in 1913. | In Greece, the guillotine (along with the [[firing squad]]) was introduced as a method of execution in 1834; it was last used in 1913. |
| In [[Sweden]], beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866. The guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903, and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer [[Alfred Ander]] in 1910 at [[Långholmen Prison]], Stockholm. Ander was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished there in 1921.<ref name="popularhistoria.se">{{cite web|url = http://popularhistoria.se/artiklar/affarside-vanskotsel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan|title = Änglamakerskan|trans-title = The angel maker|work = Populär Historia|access-date = 1 December 2015|language = sv|last = Bolmstedt|first = Åsa|date = 21 December 2006|publisher = LRF Media|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2017100...sel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan|archive-date = 5 October 2017|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="hemmetsjournal.se">{{cite journal|url = http://www.hemmetsjournal.se/odenoc...-i-Helsingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn/|title = Änglamakerskan i Helsingborg dränkte åtta fosterbarn|trans-title=The angel maker in Helsingborg drowned eight foster care children|journal = [[Hemmets Journal]]|access-date = 1 December 2015|last = Rystad|first = Johan G.|date = 1 April 2015|language = sv|publisher = [[Egmont Group]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2015120...ingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn/|archive-date = 8 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> | In Sweden, beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866. The guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903, and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer [[Alfred Ander]] in 1910 at [[Långholmen Prison]], Stockholm. Ander was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished there in 1921.<ref name="popularhistoria.se">{{cite web|url = http://popularhistoria.se/artiklar/affarside-vanskotsel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan|title = Änglamakerskan|trans-title = The angel maker|work = Populär Historia|access-date = 1 December 2015|language = sv|last = Bolmstedt|first = Åsa|date = 21 December 2006|publisher = LRF Media|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2017100...sel-och-barnamord-anglamakerskan|archive-date = 5 October 2017|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="hemmetsjournal.se">{{cite journal|url = http://www.hemmetsjournal.se/odenoc...-i-Helsingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn/|title = Änglamakerskan i Helsingborg dränkte åtta fosterbarn|trans-title=The angel maker in Helsingborg drowned eight foster care children|journal = [[Hemmets Journal]]|access-date = 1 December 2015|last = Rystad|first = Johan G.|date = 1 April 2015|language = sv|publisher = [[Egmont Group]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2015120...ingborg-drankte-atta-fosterbarn/|archive-date = 8 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> |
| In [[South Vietnam]], after the [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Diệm]] regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population; they used guillotines, which had belonged to the former French colonial power, in order to carry out death sentences on the spot.<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Nguyen Thi Dinh | author2 = Mai V. Elliott | title = No Other Road to Take: Memoir of Mrs Nguyen Thi Dinh | publisher=Cornell University Southeast Asia Program | year = 1976 | page = 27 | isbn = 0-87727-102-X }}</ref> One such guillotine is still on show at the [[War Remnants Museum (Ho Chi Minh City)|War Remnants Museum]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Farrara | first = Andrew J. | title = Around the World in 220 Days: The Odyssey of an American Traveler Abroad | publisher=Buy Books | year = 2004 | page = 415 | isbn = 0-7414-1838-X }}</ref> | In [[South Vietnam]], after the [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Diệm]] regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population; they used guillotines, which had belonged to the former French colonial power, in order to carry out death sentences on the spot.<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Nguyen Thi Dinh | author2 = Mai V. Elliott | title = No Other Road to Take: Memoir of Mrs Nguyen Thi Dinh | publisher=Cornell University Southeast Asia Program | year = 1976 | page = 27 | isbn = 0-87727-102-X }}</ref> One such guillotine is still on show at the [[War Remnants Museum (Ho Chi Minh City)|War Remnants Museum]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Farrara | first = Andrew J. | title = Around the World in 220 Days: The Odyssey of an American Traveler Abroad | publisher=Buy Books | year = 2004 | page = 415 | isbn = 0-7414-1838-X }}</ref> |
| In the [[Western Hemisphere]], the guillotine saw only limited use. The only recorded guillotine execution in [[North America]] north of the Caribbean took place on the French island of [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|St. Pierre]] in 1889, of Joseph Néel, with a guillotine brought in from [[Martinique]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grandcolombier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017120....com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | In the Western Hemisphere, the guillotine saw only limited use. The only recorded guillotine execution in North America north of the Caribbean took place on the French island of [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|St. Pierre]] in 1889, of Joseph Néel, with a guillotine brought in from [[Martinique]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grandcolombier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017120....com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
| In the [[Caribbean]], it was used rarely in [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]]; its last use in the region was at [[Fort-de-France]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/...e-off-the-coast-of-canada.html?pagewanted=all |title=A Bit of France off the Coast of Canada |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 July 1986|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017120...e-off-the-coast-of-canada.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all |last1=Wren |first1=Christopher S. }}</ref> In South America, the guillotine was only used in [[French Guiana]], where about 150 people were beheaded between 1850 and 1945: most of them were convicts exiled from France and incarcerated within the "bagne", or penal colonies. Within the Southern Hemisphere, it worked in [[New Caledonia]] (which had a bagne too until the end of the 19th century) and at least twice in [[Tahiti]]. | In the Caribbean, it was used rarely in [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]]; its last use in the region was at [[Fort-de-France]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/...e-off-the-coast-of-canada.html?pagewanted=all |title=A Bit of France off the Coast of Canada |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 July 1986|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017120...e-off-the-coast-of-canada.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all |last1=Wren |first1=Christopher S. }}</ref> In South America, the guillotine was only used in [[French Guiana]], where about 150 people were beheaded between 1850 and 1945: most of them were convicts exiled from France and incarcerated within the "bagne", or penal colonies. Within the Southern Hemisphere, it worked in [[New Caledonia]] (which had a bagne too until the end of the 19th century) and at least twice in [[Tahiti]]. |
| In the [[United States]] in 1996, Georgia State Representative [[Doug Teper]] unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's [[electric chair]] with the guillotine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics...ing-off-the-head-is-the-better-way-to-go.html |last=Kruzel |first=John |date=November 1, 2013 |title=Bring Back the Guillotine |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/Archives/19951996/leg/fulltext/hb1274.htm|title=Georgia House of Representatives – 1995/1996 Sessions HB 1274 – Death penalty; guillotine provisions|publisher=The General Assembly of Georgia|access-date=2013-10-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013100...951996/leg/fulltext/hb1274.htm|archive-date=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | In the United States in 1996, Georgia State Representative [[Doug Teper]] unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's [[electric chair]] with the guillotine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics...ing-off-the-head-is-the-better-way-to-go.html |last=Kruzel |first=John |date=November 1, 2013 |title=Bring Back the Guillotine |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/Archives/19951996/leg/fulltext/hb1274.htm|title=Georgia House of Representatives – 1995/1996 Sessions HB 1274 – Death penalty; guillotine provisions|publisher=The General Assembly of Georgia|access-date=2013-10-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2013100...951996/leg/fulltext/hb1274.htm|archive-date=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
| In recent years, a limited number of individuals have [[suicide|killed themselves]] using a self-constructed guillotine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm|title=Guillotine death was suicide|date=24 April 2003|work=BBC News|access-date=26 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2008092...1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm|archive-date=27 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2007/09/16/localnews/20070916-archive6.txt | title=Man kills himself with guillotine | work=The News Herald | date=16 September 2007 | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Sulivan, Anne | location=Tennessee | archive-date=19 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2016081...es/2007/09/16/localnews/20070916-archive6.txt | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://content.usatoday.com/communi...2010/06/russian-suicide-homemade-guillotine/1 | title=Russian engineer commits suicide with homemade guillotine | work=USA Today | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Staglin, Douglas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/guillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html | title=Guillotine used for suicide | work=The Independent | date=3 December 1999 | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Buncomber, Andrew | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017010...news/guillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html | archive-date=2 January 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> | In recent years, a limited number of individuals have killed themselves using a self-constructed guillotine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm|title=Guillotine death was suicide|date=24 April 2003|work=BBC News|access-date=26 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2008092...1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm|archive-date=27 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2007/09/16/localnews/20070916-archive6.txt | title=Man kills himself with guillotine | work=The News Herald | date=16 September 2007 | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Sulivan, Anne | location=Tennessee | archive-date=19 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2016081...es/2007/09/16/localnews/20070916-archive6.txt | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://content.usatoday.com/communi...2010/06/russian-suicide-homemade-guillotine/1 | title=Russian engineer commits suicide with homemade guillotine | work=USA Today | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Staglin, Douglas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/guillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html | title=Guillotine used for suicide | work=The Independent | date=3 December 1999 | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Buncomber, Andrew | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017010...news/guillotine-used-for-suicide-1126857.html | archive-date=2 January 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
| == Controversy == | == Controversy == |
Okumaya devam et...