Esculenta: start article on lichen genus
{{Short description|Genus of lichens}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.17.10512) Figure 3A.jpg
| image_caption = Morphology and anatomy of ''Glaucotrema thailandicum'' '''A'''–'''B''' [[habit (biology)|habit]] of [[ascoma]], '''C''' cross-section of ascoma showing whitish and reticulate {{lichengloss|columella}}, '''D''' [[ascus|asci]] with {{lichengloss|ascospore|spores}}, and '''E''' {{lichengloss|muriform|submuriform}} ascospores ([[holotype]]).
| taxon = Glaucotrema
| authority = Rivas Plata & [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch|Lumbsch]] (2012)
| type_species = ''[[Glaucotrema glaucophaenum]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Kremp.]]) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
'''''Glaucotrema''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]-forming [[fungi]] in the family [[Graphidaceae]]. It has five species.<ref name="CoL"/>
==Taxonomy==
The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] in 2012 by the lichenologists Eimy Rivas Plata and [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch]], with ''[[Glaucotrema glaucophaenum]]'' assigned as the [[type species]]. This lichen was originally [[species description|described]] as a species of ''[[Thelotrema]]'' by [[August von Krempelhuber]] in 1875,<ref name="Krempelhuber 1875"/> and was later classified in the genus ''[[Myriotrema]]''. The genus name merges the [[suffix]] -''trema'' with a portion of the [[botanical name|epithet]] from its type species, ''glaucophaenum''.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
Originally, ''Glaucotrema'' was proposed to contain the type and one other species, ''[[Glaucotrema costaricense|G. costaricense]]''. Three additional newly described species were added to the genus in 2014–2016, from collections made in Brazil and Thailand.<ref name="Lücking 2015"/><ref name="Cáceres et al. 2014"/><ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016"/>
==Description==
The thallus of ''Glaucotrema'' is characterised by a pale green-grey to pale olive-green colour, with a surface that can range from smooth to slightly uneven. It features a densely packed outer layer ({{lichengloss|cortex}}) composed of tightly interwoven fungal cells ({{lichengloss|prosoplectenchymatous}} structure). Within this structure lies a {{lichengloss|algal layer|layer of algae cells}} (the {{lichengloss|photobiont}}), interspersed with clusters of [[calcium oxalate]] crystals.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
The reproductive structures of ''Glaucotrema'', known as [[apothecia]], are typically rounded to angular and can be either slightly emerging from the thallus or prominently displayed. The {{lichengloss|discs}} of these structures range in colour from flesh-colured to pale brown and are thinly covered with a white, powdery coating ({{lichengloss|pruinose}}). The edges of these discs are usually smooth, though they can occasionally be fissured. While a true central support column ({{lichengloss|columella}}) is absent, a pseudo-column ({{lichengloss|pseudocolumella}}) often appears, consisting of tissue strands that originate from the side of the cup-like structure (lateral {{lichengloss|excipulum}}). The excipulum (the tissue surrounding the reproductive disc) also has a tightly interwoven cellular structure ({{lichengloss|prosoplectenchymatous}}) and is typically colourless. It may either remain attached or become partially detached and perforated ({{lichengloss|fenestrate}}). There are no hair-like structures ({{lichengloss|periphysoids}}) around the edges of the disc. The spore-producing filaments ([[paraphyses]]) within the apothecia are simple and unbranched.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
Spores produced by ''Glaucotrema'' are typically eight per sac ([[ascus]]), [[ellipsoid]] in shape, and divided into four parts by three [[septum|cross-walls]] (3-septate), with thick dividers and lens-shaped internal spaces ({{lichengloss|lumina}}). These spores are colourless and turn violet-blue when stained with [[iodine]] (I+ violet-blue).<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/> ''Glaucotrema thailandicum'' is unique in the genus in having {{lichengloss|muriform|submuriform}} ascospores.<ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016"/> Chemically, ''Glaucotrema'' contains [[psoromic acid]], which reacts yellow when tested with [[paraphenylenediamine]] (P+ yellow), indicating its presence.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
==Species==
* ''[[Glaucotrema bahianum]]'' {{au|Lücking (2015)}}<ref name="Lücking 2015"/> – Brazil
* ''[[Glaucotrema costaricense]]'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)}} – Central America
* ''[[Glaucotrema glaucophaenum]]'' {{au|(Kremp.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)}} – Asia; Australia
* ''[[Glaucotrema stegoboloides]]'' {{au|M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)}}<ref name="Cáceres et al. 2014"/> – Brazil
* ''[[Glaucotrema thailandicum]]'' {{au|Naksuwankul, Lücking & Lumbsch (2016)}}<ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016"/> – Thailand
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Cáceres et al. 2014">{{cite journal |first1=Marcela |last1=Cáceres |first2=André |last2=Aptroot |first3=Sittiporn |last3=Parnmen |first4=Robert |last4=Lücking |year=2014 |journal=Phytotaxa |title=Remarkable diversity of the lichen family Graphidaceae in the Amazon rain forest of Rondônia, Brazil |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=87–136 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287460701}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=62SHL |title=''Glaucotrema'' |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Krempelhuber 1875">{{cite journal |last=Krempelhuber |first=A. von |year=1875 |title=Lichenes quos legit O. Beccari in insulis Borneo et Singapore annis 1866 et 1867 |journal=Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=5–67 [19] |language=la |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12367/?offset=#page=19&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2015">{{cite journal |last=Lücking |first=R. |year=2015 |title=Thelotremoid Graphidaceae from the NYBG herbarium: New species, range extensions, and a forgotten lichen |journal=Opuscula Philolichenum |volume=14 |pages=1–57 [5]}}</ref>
<ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Naksuwankul |first1=Khwanyuruan |last2=Kraichak |first2=Ekaphan |last3=Parnmen |first3=Sittiporn |last4=Lücking |first4=Robert |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Five new species of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales) from Thailand |journal=MycoKeys |volume=17 |year=2016 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.17.10512 |pages=47–63 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Rivas Plata |first1=E. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H.T. |year=2012 |title=Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the ''Ocellularia'' clade (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1161–1179 |doi=10.1002/TAX.616001}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22105505}}
[[Category:Graphidaceae]]
[[Category:Graphidales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2012]]
[[Category:Lichen genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|Genus of lichens}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.17.10512) Figure 3A.jpg
| image_caption = Morphology and anatomy of ''Glaucotrema thailandicum'' '''A'''–'''B''' [[habit (biology)|habit]] of [[ascoma]], '''C''' cross-section of ascoma showing whitish and reticulate {{lichengloss|columella}}, '''D''' [[ascus|asci]] with {{lichengloss|ascospore|spores}}, and '''E''' {{lichengloss|muriform|submuriform}} ascospores ([[holotype]]).
| taxon = Glaucotrema
| authority = Rivas Plata & [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch|Lumbsch]] (2012)
| type_species = ''[[Glaucotrema glaucophaenum]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Kremp.]]) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
'''''Glaucotrema''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]-forming [[fungi]] in the family [[Graphidaceae]]. It has five species.<ref name="CoL"/>
==Taxonomy==
The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] in 2012 by the lichenologists Eimy Rivas Plata and [[Helge Thorsten Lumbsch]], with ''[[Glaucotrema glaucophaenum]]'' assigned as the [[type species]]. This lichen was originally [[species description|described]] as a species of ''[[Thelotrema]]'' by [[August von Krempelhuber]] in 1875,<ref name="Krempelhuber 1875"/> and was later classified in the genus ''[[Myriotrema]]''. The genus name merges the [[suffix]] -''trema'' with a portion of the [[botanical name|epithet]] from its type species, ''glaucophaenum''.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
Originally, ''Glaucotrema'' was proposed to contain the type and one other species, ''[[Glaucotrema costaricense|G. costaricense]]''. Three additional newly described species were added to the genus in 2014–2016, from collections made in Brazil and Thailand.<ref name="Lücking 2015"/><ref name="Cáceres et al. 2014"/><ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016"/>
==Description==
The thallus of ''Glaucotrema'' is characterised by a pale green-grey to pale olive-green colour, with a surface that can range from smooth to slightly uneven. It features a densely packed outer layer ({{lichengloss|cortex}}) composed of tightly interwoven fungal cells ({{lichengloss|prosoplectenchymatous}} structure). Within this structure lies a {{lichengloss|algal layer|layer of algae cells}} (the {{lichengloss|photobiont}}), interspersed with clusters of [[calcium oxalate]] crystals.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
The reproductive structures of ''Glaucotrema'', known as [[apothecia]], are typically rounded to angular and can be either slightly emerging from the thallus or prominently displayed. The {{lichengloss|discs}} of these structures range in colour from flesh-colured to pale brown and are thinly covered with a white, powdery coating ({{lichengloss|pruinose}}). The edges of these discs are usually smooth, though they can occasionally be fissured. While a true central support column ({{lichengloss|columella}}) is absent, a pseudo-column ({{lichengloss|pseudocolumella}}) often appears, consisting of tissue strands that originate from the side of the cup-like structure (lateral {{lichengloss|excipulum}}). The excipulum (the tissue surrounding the reproductive disc) also has a tightly interwoven cellular structure ({{lichengloss|prosoplectenchymatous}}) and is typically colourless. It may either remain attached or become partially detached and perforated ({{lichengloss|fenestrate}}). There are no hair-like structures ({{lichengloss|periphysoids}}) around the edges of the disc. The spore-producing filaments ([[paraphyses]]) within the apothecia are simple and unbranched.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
Spores produced by ''Glaucotrema'' are typically eight per sac ([[ascus]]), [[ellipsoid]] in shape, and divided into four parts by three [[septum|cross-walls]] (3-septate), with thick dividers and lens-shaped internal spaces ({{lichengloss|lumina}}). These spores are colourless and turn violet-blue when stained with [[iodine]] (I+ violet-blue).<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/> ''Glaucotrema thailandicum'' is unique in the genus in having {{lichengloss|muriform|submuriform}} ascospores.<ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016"/> Chemically, ''Glaucotrema'' contains [[psoromic acid]], which reacts yellow when tested with [[paraphenylenediamine]] (P+ yellow), indicating its presence.<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012"/>
==Species==
* ''[[Glaucotrema bahianum]]'' {{au|Lücking (2015)}}<ref name="Lücking 2015"/> – Brazil
* ''[[Glaucotrema costaricense]]'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)}} – Central America
* ''[[Glaucotrema glaucophaenum]]'' {{au|(Kremp.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)}} – Asia; Australia
* ''[[Glaucotrema stegoboloides]]'' {{au|M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)}}<ref name="Cáceres et al. 2014"/> – Brazil
* ''[[Glaucotrema thailandicum]]'' {{au|Naksuwankul, Lücking & Lumbsch (2016)}}<ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016"/> – Thailand
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Cáceres et al. 2014">{{cite journal |first1=Marcela |last1=Cáceres |first2=André |last2=Aptroot |first3=Sittiporn |last3=Parnmen |first4=Robert |last4=Lücking |year=2014 |journal=Phytotaxa |title=Remarkable diversity of the lichen family Graphidaceae in the Amazon rain forest of Rondônia, Brazil |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=87–136 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287460701}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=62SHL |title=''Glaucotrema'' |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Krempelhuber 1875">{{cite journal |last=Krempelhuber |first=A. von |year=1875 |title=Lichenes quos legit O. Beccari in insulis Borneo et Singapore annis 1866 et 1867 |journal=Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=5–67 [19] |language=la |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12367/?offset=#page=19&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2015">{{cite journal |last=Lücking |first=R. |year=2015 |title=Thelotremoid Graphidaceae from the NYBG herbarium: New species, range extensions, and a forgotten lichen |journal=Opuscula Philolichenum |volume=14 |pages=1–57 [5]}}</ref>
<ref name="Naksuwankul et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Naksuwankul |first1=Khwanyuruan |last2=Kraichak |first2=Ekaphan |last3=Parnmen |first3=Sittiporn |last4=Lücking |first4=Robert |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Five new species of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales) from Thailand |journal=MycoKeys |volume=17 |year=2016 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.17.10512 |pages=47–63 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Rivas Plata |first1=E. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H.T. |year=2012 |title=Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the ''Ocellularia'' clade (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1161–1179 |doi=10.1002/TAX.616001}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22105505}}
[[Category:Graphidaceae]]
[[Category:Graphidales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2012]]
[[Category:Lichen genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch]]
Okumaya devam et...