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| {{Short description|Roman statesman, consul in 482 BC}} | {{Short description|Roman statesman, consul in 482 BC}} |
| '''Gaius Julius Iullus'''{{efn-lr|The original spelling of his surname was Iullus, which is supported by the whole body of literary tradition and is used by all modern sources. [[Vergil]] in his ''[[Aeneid]]'' later popularized the spelling Iulus, with a single 'l', which was adopted by the ''[[Fasti Capitolini]]''.<ref>Münzer, "[[s:de:RE:Iulius 294|Iulius 294]]", ''RE'', 10.1, col. 655</ref><ref>Broughton, ''MRR'', vol. 1, p. 19 n. 1</ref>}} ({{fl}} {{c.}} 482–451 BC) was a Roman statesman, who held the [[consul]]ship in 482 BC. After a contentious election, he was chosen to represent the more moderate faction in Roman politics, while his colleague, [[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 485 BC)|Quintus Fabius Vibulanus]], was elected by the aristocratic party. Both consuls led a Roman army against [[Veii]], but withdrew when the Veientes refused to confront them. Thirty years later, in 451, Julius was chosen a member of the first [[decemviri|decemvirate]], alongside several other ex-consuls and other respected statesmen. Julius proved himself a man of good judgment and integrity, and helped to draw up the first [[Twelve Tables|ten tables of Roman law]].<ref name="DGRBM 656">''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 656.</ref> | '''Gaius Julius Iullus'''{{efn-lr|The original spelling of his surname was Iullus, which is supported by the whole body of literary tradition and is used by all modern sources. [[Vergil]] in his ''[[Aeneid]]'' later popularized the spelling Iulus, with a single 'l', which was adopted by the ''[[Fasti Capitolini]]''.<ref>Münzer, "[[s:de:RE:Iulius 294|Iulius 294]]", ''RE'', 10.1, col. 655</ref><ref>Broughton, ''MRR'', vol. 1, p. 19 n. 1</ref>}} ({{fl}} {{c.}} 482–451 BC) was a Roman statesman who held the [[consul]]ship in 482 BC. After a contentious election, he was chosen to represent the more moderate faction in Roman politics. While his colleague, [[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 485 BC)|Quintus Fabius Vibulanus]], was elected by the aristocratic party. Both consuls led a Roman army against [[Veii]] but withdrew when the Veientes refused to confront them. Thirty years later, in 451, Julius was chosen a member of the first [[decemviri|decemvirate]], alongside several other ex-consuls and other respected statesmen. Julius proved himself a man of good judgment and integrity and helped to draw up the first [[Twelve Tables|ten tables of Roman law]].<ref name="DGRBM 656">''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 656.</ref> |
| ==Family== | ==Family== |
| As his [[Roman naming conventions#filiation|filiation]] reveals, Julius was the son of Gaius and grandson of Lucius. His father is generally supposed to have been the same [[Gaius Julius Iullus (consul 489 BC)|Gaius Julius Iullus]] who was consul in 489 BC. Although only seven years elapsed between the two consulships, this would be perfectly reasonable, if the father had been an older man when he achieved the magistracy, and the son attained it while relatively young; this is also consistent with his serving as a decemvir thirty years later. Julius also had a brother, [[Vopiscus Julius Iullus|Vopiscus]], who held the consulship in 473 BC. Julius' [[Gaius Julius Iullus (consul 447 BC)|son and namesake]] was consul in 447.<ref name="DGRBM 656"/><ref name="Broughton 23">Broughton, vol. I, pp. 23, 29.</ref> | As his [[Roman naming conventions#filiation|filiation]] reveals, Julius was the son of Gaius and grandson of Lucius. His father is generally supposed to have been the same [[Gaius Julius Iullus (consul 489 BC)|Gaius Julius Iullus]] who was consul in 489 BC. Although only seven years elapsed between the two consulships, this would be perfectly reasonable if the father had been an older man when he achieved the magistracy and the son attained it while relatively young; this is also consistent with his serving as a decemvir thirty years later. Julius also had a brother, [[Vopiscus Julius Iullus|Vopiscus]], who held the consulship in 473 BC. Julius' [[Gaius Julius Iullus (consul 447 BC)|son and namesake]] was consul in 447.<ref name="DGRBM 656"/><ref name="Broughton 23">Broughton, vol. I, pp. 23, 29.</ref> |
| ==Consul== | ==Consul== |
| The consular elections for 482 BC were fraught with dissension between the aristocratic and popular parties. The aristocratic candidate was [[Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus|Appius Claudius]], who was firmly opposed by the popular faction, which preferred older candidates whose even-handedness toward the plebeians had already been proven.<ref name="Dionysius 90">Dionysius, viii. 90.</ref> | The consular elections for 482 BC were fraught with dissension between the aristocratic and popular parties. The aristocratic candidate was [[Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus|Appius Claudius]], who was firmly opposed by the popular faction, which preferred older candidates whose even-handedness toward the plebeians had already been proven.<ref name="Dionysius 90">Dionysius, viii. 90.</ref> |
| The [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes of the plebs]] willingly used their veto power to prevent the comitia from meeting to elect Claudius, and there was talk of appointing a dictator, but more moderate voices prevailed, and [[Aulus Sempronius Atratinus (consul 497 BC)|Aulus Sempronius Atratinus]] was appointed [[interrex]] instead. He was followed by [[Spurius Larcius]], who presided over the election of Gaius Julius Iullus, representing the popular party, and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus for the aristocrats. Fabius had been consul three years earlier, and was acceptable to the plebeians, particularly compared with Claudius.<ref name="Dionysius 90"/><ref name="Livy 43">Livy, ii. 43.</ref> | The [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes of the plebs]] willingly used their veto power to prevent the comitia from meeting to elect Claudius, and there was talk of appointing a dictator, but more moderate voices prevailed, and [[Aulus Sempronius Atratinus (consul 497 BC)|Aulus Sempronius Atratinus]] was appointed [[interrex]] instead. He was followed by [[Spurius Larcius]], who presided over the election of Gaius Julius Iullus, representing the popular party, and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus for the aristocrats. Fabius had been consul three years earlier and was acceptable to the Plebeians, particularly compared with Claudius.<ref name="Dionysius 90"/><ref name="Livy 43">Livy, ii. 43.</ref> |
| During their year of office, [[Latium]] was raided by the [[Aequi]], and Roman territory by the Veientes. The [[Roman Senate|senate]] decided to ignore the threat from the Aequi in order to confront Veii, but the Veientes protested their innocence; and while Rome's attention was on Veii, a large Aequian force stormed and plundered the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latin]] town of [[Ortona, Latium|Ortona]]. As the Roman ambassadors returned from Veii, they encountered a Veientine force returning from a raid in Roman territory, prompting the senate to declare war.<ref name="Livy 43"/><ref name="Dionysius 91">Dionysius, viii. 91.</ref> | During their year of office, [[Latium]] was raided by the [[Aequi]] and Roman territory by the Veientes. The [[Roman Senate|senate]] decided to ignore the threat from the Aequi to confront Veii, but the Veientes protested their innocence, and while Rome's attention was on Veii, a large Aequian force stormed and plundered the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latin]] town of [[Ortona, Latium|Ortona]]. As the Roman ambassadors returned from Veii, they encountered a Veientine force returning from a raid in Roman territory, prompting the senate to declare war.<ref name="Livy 43"/><ref name="Dionysius 91">Dionysius, viii. 91.</ref> |
| The question of war with Veii once again threatened the fragile peace between the orders at Rome, as the plebeians were still awaiting an allotment of land they had been promised four years earlier, and there was worry that the other [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] cities would rally to Veii's aid, igniting a larger war. But the aristocratic party prevailed, and sent both consuls at the head of an army to confront the Veientes. The enemy, however, remained secure within Veii's impenetrable walls, and eventually the consular army was forced to withdraw, ravaging the Veientine territory as they went. The year closed without any other noteworthy events.<ref name="Livy 43"/><ref name="Dionysius 91"/> | The question of war with Veii once again threatened the fragile peace between the orders at Rome, as the Plebeians were still awaiting an allotment of land they had been promised four years earlier, and there was worry that the other [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] cities would rally to Veii's aid, igniting a larger war. But the aristocratic party prevailed and sent both consuls at the head of an army to confront the Veientes. The enemy, however, remained secure within Veii's impenetrable walls, and eventually, the consular army was forced to withdraw, ravaging the Veientine territory as they went. The year closed without any other noteworthy events.<ref name="Livy 43"/><ref name="Dionysius 91"/> |
| ==Decemvir== | ==Decemvir== |
| Thirty years after Julius' consulship, a committee of ten distinguished statesmen was selected to draw up a body of laws based on Roman tradition and Greek models. Julius was among the sitting senators chosen to serve as decemvir, alongside several other ex-consuls, and the consul-elect, [[Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus|Appius Claudius]]. Taking office in 451, the decemvirs assembled the first Ten Tables, to the unanimous approval of the Roman people.<ref name="Dionysius 55">Dionysius, x. 55–58.</ref><ref>Diodorus, xii. 23.</ref> | Thirty years after Julius' consulship, a committee of ten distinguished statesmen was selected to draw up a body of laws based on Roman tradition and Greek models. Julius was among the sitting senators chosen to serve as decemvir, alongside several other ex-consuls and the consul-elect, [[Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus|Appius Claudius]]. Taking office in 451, the decemvirs assembled the first Ten Tables, to the unanimous approval of the Roman people.<ref name="Dionysius 55">Dionysius, x. 55–58.</ref><ref>Diodorus, xii. 23.</ref> |
| Despite the considerable power that they held, the decemvirs demonstrated their mildness and willingness to work together for the public good. Never was this better exemplified than when a heinous crime was revealed to Julius. A corpse was found buried in the house of Publius Sestius.{{efn-lr|Evidently a different man from the decemvir of the same name.}} Although Sestius' guilt appeared obvious, and Julius would have been entitled to pass judgment upon the man, he instead ordered that Sestius be brought to trial, and Julius himself assumed the burden of the prosecution.<ref>Livy, iii. 33.</ref><ref>Cicero, ii. 36.</ref> | Despite the considerable power that they held, the decemvirs demonstrated their mildness and willingness to work together for the public good. Never was this better exemplified than when a heinous crime was revealed to Julius. A corpse was found buried in the house of Publius Sestius.{{efn-lr|Evidently a different man from the decemvir of the same name.}} Although Sestius' guilt appeared obvious and Julius would have been entitled to pass judgment upon the man, he instead ordered that Sestius be brought to trial, and Julius himself assumed the burden of the prosecution.<ref>Livy, iii. 33.</ref><ref>Cicero, ii. 36.</ref> |
| The decemvirs stepped down at the end of their year of office, and were replaced by a second decemvirate, of whom only Claudius remained from the first; his true intentions toward the people soon became evident, as he dominated his colleagues and drew up two more tables of law that were deeply unfavourable to the plebeians. When they continued in office the following year without bothering to stand for re-election, the people rose against the decemvirs, and withdrew to the [[Aventine Hill]], the site of the [[first secessio plebis|plebeian secession]] in 494, which had led to the establishment of the plebeian tribunes. Julius was one of three envoys dispatched by the senate to negotiate with the plebeians. The decemvirs were soon overthrown, and the consular government restored.<ref>Livy, iii. 50.</ref><ref>Asconius, p. 77.</ref><ref>Diodorus, xii. 24, 25.</ref> | The decemvirs stepped down at the end of their year of office and were replaced by a second decemvirate, of whom only Claudius remained from the first; his true intentions toward the people soon became evident as he dominated his colleagues and drew up two more tables of law that were deeply unfavourable to the plebeians. When they continued in office the following year without bothering to stand for re-election, the people rose against the decemvirs and withdrew to [[Aventine Hill]], the site of the [[first secessio plebis|Plebeian secession]] in 494, which had led to the establishment of the Plebeian tribunes. Julius was one of three envoys dispatched by the Senate to negotiate with the Plebeians. The decemvirs were soon overthrown, and the consular government was restored.<ref>Livy, iii. 50.</ref><ref>Asconius, p. 77.</ref><ref>Diodorus, xii. 24, 25.</ref> |
| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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