Diaolou

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'''Diaolou''' ({{zh|s=碉楼|t=碉樓|diāolóu}}) are fortified multi-storey [[watchtower]]s in rural villages, generally made of [[reinforced concrete]]. These towers are located mainly in the [[Kaiping]] ({{lang|zh|开平}})City in [[Guangdong]] province, China.<ref name="batto">{{cite journal|last1=Batto|first1=Patricia R.S.|title=The Diaolou of Kaiping (1842–1937): Buildings for dangerous times|url=https://chinaperspectives.revues.org/1033|journal=China Perspectives|access-date=25 May 2017|language=en |translator=Jonathan Hall |date=July–August 2006|volume=2006|issue=4|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.1033|quote=...the diaolou were built in the countryside, in villages and on the initiative of the peasants themselves. Contrary to normal expectations, thanks to emigration we can see a certain “cosmopolitanism” among the peasants in Kaiping... the diaolou are the epitome of overseas Chinese culture, embodied in stone.|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2007, UNESCO designated the ''Kaiping Diaolou and Villages'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=开平碉楼与村落}}) a World Heritage Site, which covers four separate Kaiping village areas: Sanmenli ({{lang|zh|三门里}}), Zilicun ({{lang|zh|自力村}}), Jinjiangli ({{lang|zh|锦江里}}), and Majianglong village cluster ({{lang|zh|马降龙村落群}}). These areas demonstrate a unique fusion of 19th and 20th-century Chinese and Western architectural styles.<ref>{{cite web |title = Kaiping Diaolou and Villages |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1112 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref>	'''Diaolou''' ({{zh|s=碉楼|t=碉樓|diāolóu}}) are fortified multi-storey [[watchtower]]s in rural villages, generally made of [[reinforced concrete]]. These towers are located mainly in the [[Kaiping]] ({{lang|zh|开平}})City in [[Guangdong]] province, China.<ref name="batto">{{cite journal|last1=Batto|first1=Patricia R.S.|title=The Diaolou of Kaiping (1842–1937): Buildings for dangerous times|url=https://chinaperspectives.revues.org/1033|journal=China Perspectives|access-date=25 May 2017|language=en |translator=Jonathan Hall |date=July–August 2006|volume=2006|issue=4|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.1033|quote=...the diaolou were built in the countryside, in villages and on the initiative of the peasants themselves. Contrary to normal expectations, thanks to emigration we can see a certain “cosmopolitanism” among the peasants in Kaiping... the diaolou are the epitome of overseas Chinese culture, embodied in stone.|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2007, UNESCO designated the ''Kaiping Diaolou and Villages'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=开平碉楼与村落}}) a World Heritage Site, which covers four separate Kaiping village areas: Sanmenli ({{lang|zh|三门里}}), Zilicun ({{lang|zh|自力村}}), Jinjiangli ({{lang|zh|锦江里}}), and Majianglong village cluster ({{lang|zh|马降龙村落群}}). These areas demonstrate a unique fusion of 19th- and 20th-century Chinese and Western architectural styles.<ref>{{cite web |title = Kaiping Diaolou and Villages |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1112 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref>
==History==	==History==
Diaolou structures were built from the time of the [[Ming Dynasty]] to the early 20th century, reaching a peak during the [[Warlord Era]] in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of [[overseas Chinese]], when there were more than three thousand of these structures. Today, approximately 1,800 diaolou remain standing, and mostly abandoned, in the village countryside of [[Kaiping]].<ref name="batto" /> They can also occasionally be found in several other areas of [[Guangdong]], such as [[Shenzhen]] and [[Dongguan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.szcits.cn/guide/1046.html | title=凤岗碉楼记 | access-date=9 May 2016 | archive-date=7 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007223007/http://www.szcits.cn/guide/1046.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>	Diaolou structures were built from the time of the [[Ming dynasty]] to the early 20th century, reaching a peak during the [[Warlord Era]] in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of [[overseas Chinese]], when there were more than three thousand of these structures. Today, approximately 1,800 diaolou remain standing, and mostly abandoned, in the village countryside of [[Kaiping]].<ref name="batto" /> They can also occasionally be found in several other areas of [[Guangdong]], such as [[Shenzhen]] and [[Dongguan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.szcits.cn/guide/1046.html | title=凤岗碉楼记 | access-date=9 May 2016 | archive-date=7 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007223007/http://www.szcits.cn/guide/1046.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The earliest standing diaolou in Kaiping is [[Yinglong Lou]] ({{lang|zh|迎龙楼}}) in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township), built by the [[Guan (surname)|Guan]] lineage during the reign of [[Jiajing Emperor]] of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566). It was a massive three-storey rectangular fortress with one-meter thick walls, with little resemblance with the high tower diaolous built four centuries later. Yinglong Lou was renovated in 1919 and is 11.4 meters high.<ref name="batto" />	The earliest standing diaolou in Kaiping is [[Yinglong Lou]] ({{lang|zh|迎龙楼}}) in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township), built by the [[Guan (surname)|Guan]] lineage during the reign of the [[Jiajing Emperor]] of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566). It was a massive three-storey rectangular fortress with one-meter thick walls, with little resemblance with the high tower diaolous built four centuries later. Yinglong Lou was renovated in 1919 and is 11.4 meters high.<ref name="batto" />
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, because of poverty and social instabilities,<ref name="yf woon">{{Cite book|title=Social organization in South China, 1911–1949: the case of the Kuan lineage in K'ai-p'ing county|last=Woon|first=Yuen-fong|publisher=Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan|year=1984|isbn=0-89264-051-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}</ref> Kaiping was a region of major [[Chinese emigration|emigration]] abroad, one of the "pre-eminent sending area" of overseas Chinese.<ref name="pan">{{cite book|last1=Pan|first1=Lynn|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|date=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0674252101|page=36}}</ref> Diaolous built during the chaotic early 20th century were most numerous around the centers of emigration. Monies from emigrants wanting to ensure the security of their families, villages, or clan lineages were used to fund the diaolou.<ref name="batto" /> Although the diaolous were built mainly as protection against forays by bandits, many of them also served as living quarters. Some of them were built by a single family, some by several families together or by entire village communities. Kaiping became also a [[melting pot]] of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese.<ref name="pan2">{{cite book|last1=Pan|first1=Lynn|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|date=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0674252101|pages=28–29}}</ref> As a result, the villagers built their diaolou to incorporate architectural features from China and from the West.<ref name="batto" />	In the late 19th century and early 20th century, because of poverty and social instabilities,<ref name="yf woon">{{Cite book|title=Social organization in South China, 1911–1949: the case of the Kuan lineage in K'ai-p'ing county|last=Woon|first=Yuen-fong|publisher=Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan|year=1984|isbn=0-89264-051-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}</ref> Kaiping was a region of major [[Chinese emigration|emigration]] abroad, one of the "pre-eminent sending area" of overseas Chinese.<ref name="pan">{{cite book|last1=Pan|first1=Lynn|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|date=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0674252101|page=36}}</ref> Diaolous built during the chaotic early 20th century were most numerous around the centers of emigration. Monies from emigrants wanting to ensure the security of their families, villages, or clan lineages were used to fund the diaolou.<ref name="batto" /> Although the diaolous were built mainly as protection against forays by bandits, many of them also served as living quarters. Some of them were built by a single family, some by several families together or by entire village communities. Kaiping became also a [[melting pot]] of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese.<ref name="pan2">{{cite book|last1=Pan|first1=Lynn|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|date=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0674252101|pages=28–29}}</ref> As a result, the villagers built their diaolou to incorporate architectural features from China and from the West.<ref name="batto" />
It wasn't until after 1949 when an administrative system that extended down to the small villages was created that the diaolou lost their defensive purpose and were then abandoned or converted.<ref name="Bjorkell">{{cite web|last1=Bjorkell|first1=Stina|title=The flamboyant watchtowers of Kaiping|url=https://gbtimes.com/flamboyant-watchtowers-kaiping|website=gbtimes.com|access-date=27 May 2017|date=2007}}</ref> Still, they stand as a tribute to overseas Chinese culture and the perseverance of the peasants of Kaiping.<ref name="batto" />	It was not until after 1949 when an administrative system that extended down to the small villages was created that the diaolou lost their defensive purpose and were then abandoned or converted.<ref name="Bjorkell">{{cite web|last1=Bjorkell|first1=Stina|title=The flamboyant watchtowers of Kaiping|url=https://gbtimes.com/flamboyant-watchtowers-kaiping|website=gbtimes.com|access-date=27 May 2017|date=2007}}</ref> Still, they stand as a tribute to overseas Chinese culture and the perseverance of the peasants of Kaiping.<ref name="batto" />
In 2007, [[UNESCO]] named the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages ({{zh|labels=no|c=开平碉楼与村落}}) a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1112|title=Kaiping Diaolou and Villages|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref> UNESCO wrote, "''...the Diaolou ... display a complex and flamboyant fusion of Chinese and Western structural and decorative forms. They reflect the significant role of émigré Kaiping people in the development of several countries in South Asia, Australasia, and North America, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the close links between overseas Kaiping and their ancestral homes. The property inscribed here consists of four groups of Diaolou, totaling some 1,800 tower houses in their village settings.''" The four restored groups of Kaiping diaolou are in: Zilicun village ({{lang|zh|自力村}}) of Tangkou township ({{lang|zh|塘口镇}}), Sanmenli village ({{lang|zh|三门里}}) of [[Chikan, Kaiping|Chikan]] township ({{lang|zh|赤坎镇}}), Majianglong cluster ({{lang|zh|马降龙}}) of Baihe township ({{lang|zh|百合镇}}), and Jinjiangli village ({{lang|zh|锦江里}}) of Xiangang township ({{lang|zh|蚬冈镇}}).	In 2007, [[UNESCO]] named the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages ({{zh|labels=no|c=开平碉楼与村落}}) a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1112|title=Kaiping Diaolou and Villages|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref> UNESCO wrote, "''...the Diaolou ... display a complex and flamboyant fusion of Chinese and Western structural and decorative forms. They reflect the significant role of émigré Kaiping people in the development of several countries in South Asia, Australasia, and North America, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the close links between overseas Kaiping and their ancestral homes. The property inscribed here consists of four groups of Diaolou, totaling some 1,800 tower houses in their village settings.''" The four restored groups of Kaiping diaolou are in: Zilicun village ({{lang|zh|自力村}}) of Tangkou township ({{lang|zh|塘口镇}}), Sanmenli village ({{lang|zh|三门里}}) of [[Chikan, Kaiping|Chikan]] township ({{lang|zh|赤坎镇}}), Majianglong cluster ({{lang|zh|马降龙}}) of Baihe township ({{lang|zh|百合镇}}), and Jinjiangli village ({{lang|zh|锦江里}}) of Xiangang township ({{lang|zh|蚬冈镇}}).

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