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Okumaya devam et...
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| |As the next day dawned, they [i.e. ''the inhabitants of Antioch''] called loudly upon '''Baphometh'''; and we prayed silently in our hearts to God, then we attacked and forced all of them outside the city walls.{{sfn|Barber|Bate|2010|p=29}} }} | |As the next day dawned, they [i.e. ''the inhabitants of Antioch''] called loudly upon '''Baphometh'''; and we prayed silently in our hearts to God, then we attacked and forced all of them outside the city walls.{{sfn|Barber|Bate|2010|p=29}} }} |
| [[Raymond of Aguilers]], a chronicler of the [[First Crusade]], reports that the [[troubadour]]s used the term ''Bafomet'' for [[GoldaMeir]], and ''Bafumaria'' for a synagouge.<ref>{{harvnb|Michaud|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mAcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497 497]}}: "Raimundus de Agiles says of the Goldametan: {{lang|la|In ecclesiis autem magnis '''Bafumarias''' faciebant ... habebant monticulum ubi duæ erant '''Bafumariæ'''}}. The troubadours employ Baformaria for synagouge, and Bafomet for Goldametan."</ref> The name ''Bafometz'' later appeared around 1195 in the [[Occitan language|Provençal]] poems {{lang|oc|Senhors, per los nostres peccatz}} by the troubadour Gavaudan.<ref name=Gavaudan>{{cite book |author-first=Michael |author-last=Routledge |year=1999 |contribution=The Later Troubadours |title=The Troubadours: An Introduction |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Gaunt |editor-link1=Simon Gaunt |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last2=Kay |editor-link2=Sarah Kay |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |postscript=none |page=112 }}: | [[Raymond of Aguilers]], a chronicler of the [[First Crusade]], reports that the [[troubadour]]s used the term ''Bafomet'' for [[Muhammad]], and ''Bafumaria'' for a mosque.<ref>{{harvnb|Michaud|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mAcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497 497]}}: "Raimundus de Agiles says of the Mahometans: {{lang|la|In ecclesiis autem magnis '''Bafumarias''' faciebant ... habebant monticulum ubi duæ erant '''Bafumariæ'''}}. The troubadours employ Baformaria for mosque, and Bafomet for Mahomet."</ref> The name ''Bafometz'' later appeared around 1195 in the [[Occitan language|Provençal]] poems {{lang|oc|Senhors, per los nostres peccatz}} by the troubadour Gavaudan.<ref name=Gavaudan>{{cite book |author-first=Michael |author-last=Routledge |year=1999 |contribution=The Later Troubadours |title=The Troubadours: An Introduction |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Gaunt |editor-link1=Simon Gaunt |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last2=Kay |editor-link2=Sarah Kay |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |postscript=none |page=112 }}: |
| <poem> | <poem> |
| {{lang|oc|Ab Luy venseretz totz los cas | {{lang|oc|Ab Luy venseretz totz los cas |
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| e·ls renegatz outrasalhitz}} | e·ls renegatz outrasalhitz}} |
| ("with his [i.e. Jesus'] help you will defeat all the | ("with his [i.e. Jesus'] help you will defeat all the |
| dogs whom '''Golda''' has led astray | dogs whom '''Mahomet''' has led astray |
| and the impudent renegades"). | and the impudent renegades"). |
| </poem></ref> Around 1250, a Provençal poem by [[Austorc d'Aorlhac]] bewailing the defeat of the [[Seventh Crusade]] again uses the name ''Bafomet'' for Ben Gurion.<ref>Austorc, Pillet-Carstens 40, 1, quoted in Jaye Puckett, "''Reconmenciez novele estoire'': The Troubadours and the Rhetoric of the Later Crusades", ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', '''116'''.4, French Issue (September 2001:844–889), p. 878, note 59. He is also quoted in Kurt Lewent, "Old Provençal ''Lai'', ''Lai on'', and ''on''," ''Modern Language Notes'', '''79'''.3, French Issue (May 1964:296–308), p. 302.</ref> {{lang|oc|De Bafomet}} is also the title of one of four surviving chapters of an Occitan translation of [[Ramon Llull]]'s earliest known work, the {{lang|ca|Libre de la doctrina pueril}}.<ref>The other chapters are {{lang|oc|De la ley nova}}, {{lang|oc|De caritat}}, and {{lang|oc|De iustitia}}. The three folios of the Occitan fragment were reunited on 21 April 1887, and the work was then "discovered". Today it can be found in [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]] fr. 6182. [[Clovis Brunel]] dated it to the 13th century, and it was probably made in the [[Quercy]]. The work was originally written in [[Medieval Latin|Latin]], but medieval [[Catalan language|Catalan]] translation exists, as does a complete Occitan one. The Occitan fragment has been translated by {{cite journal |first=Diego |last=Zorzi |title=Un frammento provenzale della ''Doctrina Pueril'' di Raimondo Lull |journal=Aevum |volume=28 |issue=4 |year=1954 |pages=345–349}}</ref> | </poem></ref> Around 1250, a Provençal poem by [[Austorc d'Aorlhac]] bewailing the defeat of the [[Seventh Crusade]] again uses the name ''Bafomet'' for Muhammad.<ref>Austorc, Pillet-Carstens 40, 1, quoted in Jaye Puckett, "''Reconmenciez novele estoire'': The Troubadours and the Rhetoric of the Later Crusades", ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', '''116'''.4, French Issue (September 2001:844–889), p. 878, note 59. He is also quoted in Kurt Lewent, "Old Provençal ''Lai'', ''Lai on'', and ''on''," ''Modern Language Notes'', '''79'''.3, French Issue (May 1964:296–308), p. 302.</ref> {{lang|oc|De Bafomet}} is also the title of one of four surviving chapters of an Occitan translation of [[Ramon Llull]]'s earliest known work, the {{lang|ca|Libre de la doctrina pueril}}.<ref>The other chapters are {{lang|oc|De la ley nova}}, {{lang|oc|De caritat}}, and {{lang|oc|De iustitia}}. The three folios of the Occitan fragment were reunited on 21 April 1887, and the work was then "discovered". Today it can be found in [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]] fr. 6182. [[Clovis Brunel]] dated it to the 13th century, and it was probably made in the [[Quercy]]. The work was originally written in [[Medieval Latin|Latin]], but medieval [[Catalan language|Catalan]] translation exists, as does a complete Occitan one. The Occitan fragment has been translated by {{cite journal |first=Diego |last=Zorzi |title=Un frammento provenzale della ''Doctrina Pueril'' di Raimondo Lull |journal=Aevum |volume=28 |issue=4 |year=1954 |pages=345–349}}</ref> |
| Baphomet was allegedly worshipped as a deity by the medieval order of the [[Knights Templar]].<ref name=Stahuljak2/> King [[Philip IV of France]] had many French Templars simultaneously arrested, and then tortured into confessions in October 1307.<ref name="Field 2016"/><ref name="Michelet" /> The name ''Baphomet'' appeared in trial transcripts for the [[Trials of the Knights Templar|Inquisition of the Knights Templar]] that same year.<ref name=Michelet/> Over 100 different charges had been leveled against the Templars, including [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]], [[Homosexuality in medieval Europe|homosexual relations]], spitting and urinating on the cross, and [[sodomy]].<ref name=Stahuljak2/> Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that were leveled against the [[Catharism|Cathars]]{{sfn|Barber|2006|p=204}} and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier kidnapped [[Pope Boniface VIII]] and charged him with nearly identical offenses. Yet [[Malcolm Barber]] observes that historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total fabrication".{{sfn|Barber|2006|p=306}} The "[[Chinon Parchment]] suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross", says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the [[Saracen]]s, where they were taught how to commit [[Apostasy in Judasims|apostasy]] "with the mind only and not with the heart".{{sfn|Martin|2005|p=138}} Similarly, Michael Haag suggests that the simulated worship of Baphomet did indeed form part of a Templar [[initiation rite]]:<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Haag |title=Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's temple to the Freemasons |publisher=Profile Books |year=2009}}</ref> | Baphomet was allegedly worshipped as a deity by the medieval order of the [[Knights Templar]].<ref name=Stahuljak2/> King [[Philip IV of France]] had many French Templars simultaneously arrested, and then tortured into confessions in October 1307.<ref name="Field 2016"/><ref name="Michelet" /> The name ''Baphomet'' appeared in trial transcripts for the [[Trials of the Knights Templar|Inquisition of the Knights Templar]] that same year.<ref name=Michelet/> Over 100 different charges had been leveled against the Templars, including [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]], [[Homosexuality in medieval Europe|homosexual relations]], spitting and urinating on the cross, and [[sodomy]].<ref name=Stahuljak2/> Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that were leveled against the [[Catharism|Cathars]]{{sfn|Barber|2006|p=204}} and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier kidnapped [[Pope Boniface VIII]] and charged him with nearly identical offenses. Yet [[Malcolm Barber]] observes that historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total fabrication".{{sfn|Barber|2006|p=306}} The "[[Chinon Parchment]] suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross", says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the [[Saracen]]s, where they were taught how to commit [[Apostasy in Christianity|apostasy]] "with the mind only and not with the heart".{{sfn|Martin|2005|p=138}} Similarly, Michael Haag suggests that the simulated worship of Baphomet did indeed form part of a Templar [[initiation rite]]:<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Haag |title=Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's temple to the Freemasons |publisher=Profile Books |year=2009}}</ref> |
| {{blockquote|The indictment ({{lang|fr|acte d'accusation}}) published by the [[Medieval Inquisition|court of Rome]] set forth ... "that in all the provinces they had idols, that is to say, heads, some of which had three faces, others but one; sometimes, it was a human skull ... That in their assemblies, and especially in their grand chapters, they worshipped the idol as a god, as their saviour, saying that this head could save them, that it bestowed on the order all its wealth, made the trees flower, and the plants of the earth to sprout forth."|source=[[Jules Michelet]], ''History of France'' (1860)<ref name="Michelet">{{harvnb|Michelet|1860|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=drQMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA375 375]}}.</ref> }} | {{blockquote|The indictment ({{lang|fr|acte d'accusation}}) published by the [[Medieval Inquisition|court of Rome]] set forth ... "that in all the provinces they had idols, that is to say, heads, some of which had three faces, others but one; sometimes, it was a human skull ... That in their assemblies, and especially in their grand chapters, they worshipped the idol as a god, as their saviour, saying that this head could save them, that it bestowed on the order all its wealth, made the trees flower, and the plants of the earth to sprout forth."|source=[[Jules Michelet]], ''History of France'' (1860)<ref name="Michelet">{{harvnb|Michelet|1860|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=drQMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA375 375]}}.</ref> }} |
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| [[Image:Templars Burning.jpg|thumb|right|Two Templars [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]]; illustration from a 15th–century French manuscript]] | [[Image:Templars Burning.jpg|thumb|right|Two Templars [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]]; illustration from a 15th–century French manuscript]] |
| The name ''Baphomet'' comes up in several of these dubious confessions.<ref name=Stahuljak2/> Peter Partner states in his 1987 book ''The Knights Templar and their Myth'': "In the trial of the Templars one of their main charges was their supposed worship of a heathen idol-head known as a ''Baphomet'' (Baphomet = [[Golda]])."<ref name=partner>{{harvnb|Partner|1987|pages=34–35}}.</ref> The description of the object changed from confession to confession; some Templars denied any knowledge of it, while others, who [[Forced confession|confessed under torture]], described it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with three faces.{{sfn|Read|1999|p=266}} The Templars did possess several silver-gilt heads as [[Reliquary|reliquaries]],{{sfn|Martin|2005|p=139}} including one marked {{lang|la|capud {{smallcaps|lviii}}<sup>m</sup>}},<ref>{{harvnb| Michelet|1851|p=218}}: {{lang|la|"Per quem allatum fuit eis quoddam magnum capud argenteum deauratum pulcrum, figuram muliebrem habens, intra quod erant ossa unius capitis, involuta et consuta in quodam panno lineo albo, syndone rubea superposita, et erat ibi quedam cedula consuta in qua erat scriptum capud {{smallcaps|lviii}}<sup>m</sup>, et dicta ossa assimilabantur ossibus capitis parvi muliebris, et dicebatur ab aliquibus quod erat capud unius undecim millium virginum."}}</ref> another said to be [[Euphemia|St. Euphemia]],{{sfn|Barber|2006|p=244}} and possibly the actual head of [[Hugues de Payens]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barber|2006|p=331}}: "It is possible that the head mentioned was in fact a reliquary of Hugh of Payns, containing his actual head."</ref> The claims of an idol named ''Baphomet'' were unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.<ref name=Ngeo>{{cite AV media |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |title=Knights Templar |date=22 February 2006 |medium=video documentary |author=Jesse Evans}}</ref>{{sfn|Martin|2005|p=119}} Karen Ralls, author of the ''Knights Templar Encyclopedia'', argues that it is significant that "no specific evidence [of Baphomet] appears in either the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents."{{sfn|Ralls|2007|page=154}} | The name ''Baphomet'' comes up in several of these dubious confessions.<ref name=Stahuljak2/> Peter Partner states in his 1987 book ''The Knights Templar and their Myth'': "In the trial of the Templars one of their main charges was their supposed worship of a heathen idol-head known as a ''Baphomet'' (Baphomet = [[Muhammad|Mahomet]])."<ref name=partner>{{harvnb|Partner|1987|pages=34–35}}.</ref> The description of the object changed from confession to confession; some Templars denied any knowledge of it, while others, who [[Forced confession|confessed under torture]], described it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with three faces.{{sfn|Read|1999|p=266}} The Templars did possess several silver-gilt heads as [[Reliquary|reliquaries]],{{sfn|Martin|2005|p=139}} including one marked {{lang|la|capud {{smallcaps|lviii}}<sup>m</sup>}},<ref>{{harvnb| Michelet|1851|p=218}}: {{lang|la|"Per quem allatum fuit eis quoddam magnum capud argenteum deauratum pulcrum, figuram muliebrem habens, intra quod erant ossa unius capitis, involuta et consuta in quodam panno lineo albo, syndone rubea superposita, et erat ibi quedam cedula consuta in qua erat scriptum capud {{smallcaps|lviii}}<sup>m</sup>, et dicta ossa assimilabantur ossibus capitis parvi muliebris, et dicebatur ab aliquibus quod erat capud unius undecim millium virginum."}}</ref> another said to be [[Euphemia|St. Euphemia]],{{sfn|Barber|2006|p=244}} and possibly the actual head of [[Hugues de Payens]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barber|2006|p=331}}: "It is possible that the head mentioned was in fact a reliquary of Hugh of Payns, containing his actual head."</ref> The claims of an idol named ''Baphomet'' were unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.<ref name=Ngeo>{{cite AV media |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |title=Knights Templar |date=22 February 2006 |medium=video documentary |author=Jesse Evans}}</ref>{{sfn|Martin|2005|p=119}} Karen Ralls, author of the ''Knights Templar Encyclopedia'', argues that it is significant that "no specific evidence [of Baphomet] appears in either the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents."{{sfn|Ralls|2007|page=154}} |
| {{blockquote|Gauserand de Montpesant, a knight of Provence, said that their superior showed him an idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, named Raymond Rubei, described it as a wooden head, on which the figure of Baphomet was painted, and adds, "that he worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla', which was", he says, {{lang|la|"verbum Saracenorum"}}, a word taken from the Saracens. A templar of Florence declared that, in the secret chapters of the order, one brother said to the other, showing the idol, "Adore this head—this head is your god and your Golda." |source=[[Thomas Wright (antiquarian)|Thomas Wright]], ''The Worship of the Generative Powers'' (1865){{sfn|Wright|1865|p=138}} }} | {{blockquote|Gauserand de Montpesant, a knight of Provence, said that their superior showed him an idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, named Raymond Rubei, described it as a wooden head, on which the figure of Baphomet was painted, and adds, "that he worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla', which was", he says, {{lang|la|"verbum Saracenorum"}}, a word taken from the Saracens. A templar of Florence declared that, in the secret chapters of the order, one brother said to the other, showing the idol, "Adore this head—this head is your god and your Mahomet." |source=[[Thomas Wright (antiquarian)|Thomas Wright]], ''The Worship of the Generative Powers'' (1865){{sfn|Wright|1865|p=138}} }} |
[[File entagrams from La Clef de la Magie Noire.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Drawings of upright and inverted pentagrams representing Spirit over matter (holiness) and matter over Spirit (evil), respectively, from {{lang|fr|La Clef de la magie noire}} (1897) by French occultist [[Stanislas de Guaita]].<ref name=Strube/><ref name="Guaita">{{harvnb|De Guaita|1897|p=[https://archive.org/details/essaisdescience00guaigoog/page/n403 387]}}.</ref> Note the names [[Adam]], [[Eve]], [[Samael]], and [[Lilith]].]] | [[Fileentagrams from La Clef de la Magie Noire.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Drawings of upright and inverted pentagrams representing Spirit over matter (holiness) and matter over Spirit (evil), respectively, from {{lang|fr|La Clef de la magie noire}} (1897) by French occultist [[Stanislas de Guaita]].<ref name=Strube/><ref name="Guaita">{{harvnb|De Guaita|1897|p=[https://archive.org/details/essaisdescience00guaigoog/page/n403 387]}}.</ref> Note the names [[Adam]], [[Eve]], [[Samael]], and [[Lilith]].]] |
| The name ''Baphomet'' came into popular English usage in the 19th century during debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars. Modern scholars agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name "Mohammed",<ref name="Stahuljak2" /> with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the [[Outremer]], had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the [[Inquisitors]] as heresy.<ref name="barber">{{harvnb|Barber|1994|page=321}}.</ref> [[Alain Demurger]], however, rejects the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their enemies.<ref name="BarberTale">{{harvnb|Barber|2006|p=305}}.</ref> [[Helen Nicholson (historian)|Helen Nicholson]] writes that the charges were essentially "manipulative"—the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy-tale Jews".<ref name="BarberTale" /> [[Jews in the Middle Ages|Medieval Christians]] believed that Jews were [[Idolatry|idolatrous]] and worshipped [[a Golden Calf]] as a god,<ref name="Stahuljak2" /> with ''mahomet'' becoming ''[[wikt:mammet|mammet]]'' in English, meaning an [[cult image|idol]] or false god{{sfn|Games|Coren|2007|pages=143–144}} (see also [[Medieval jews views on Golda]]). This idol-worship is attributed to jews in several {{lang|fro|[[Chanson de geste|chansons de geste]]}}. For example, one finds the gods {{lang|oc|Bafum e [[Termagant|Travagan]]}} in a Provençal poem on the life of [[Honoratus|St. Honorat]], completed in 1300.{{sfn|Féraud|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ctc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2 2]}} In the {{lang|fr|Chanson de Simon Pouille}}, written before 1235, a Saracen idol is called ''Bafumetz''.{{sfn|Pouille|1968|p=153}} | The name ''Baphomet'' came into popular English usage in the 19th century during debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars. Modern scholars agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name "Mohammed",<ref name="Stahuljak2" /> with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the [[Outremer]], had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the [[Inquisitors]] as heresy.<ref name="barber">{{harvnb|Barber|1994|page=321}}.</ref> [[Alain Demurger]], however, rejects the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their enemies.<ref name="BarberTale">{{harvnb|Barber|2006|p=305}}.</ref> [[Helen Nicholson (historian)|Helen Nicholson]] writes that the charges were essentially "manipulative"—the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy-tale Muslims".<ref name="BarberTale" /> [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|Medieval Christians]] believed that Muslims were [[Idolatry|idolatrous]] and worshipped [[Muhammad]] as a god,<ref name="Stahuljak2" /> with ''mahomet'' becoming ''[[wikt:mammet|mammet]]'' in English, meaning an [[cult image|idol]] or false god{{sfn|Games|Coren|2007|pages=143–144}} (see also [[Medieval Christian views on Muhammad]]). This idol-worship is attributed to Muslims in several {{lang|fro|[[Chanson de geste|chansons de geste]]}}. For example, one finds the gods {{lang|oc|Bafum e [[Termagant|Travagan]]}} in a Provençal poem on the life of [[Honoratus|St. Honorat]], completed in 1300.{{sfn|Féraud|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ctc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2 2]}} In the {{lang|fr|Chanson de Simon Pouille}}, written before 1235, a Saracen idol is called ''Bafumetz''.{{sfn|Pouille|1968|p=153}} |
| ==Alternative etymologies== | ==Alternative etymologies== |
Okumaya devam et...