Generalissima: Adding short description: "American inventor and machinist"
{{Short description|American inventor and machinist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aza Arnold
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1788|10|04}}
| birth_place = [[Smithfield, Rhode Island]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1865|1788}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Machinist|miller|patent attorney}}
| spouse = Abigail Dennis
}}
'''Aza Arnold''' (October 4, 1788 – 1865) was an American [[machinist]], inventor, and attorney. Born in [[Smithfield, Rhode Island]], he was trained as a machinist during his youth, and in 1809 entered work at [[Samuel Slater]]'s textile manufacturing equipment plant in [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island|Pawtucket]]. After several years of employement at another Pawtucket factory, he invented a device to separate wool during [[carding]] and began to experiment with [[differential (mechanical device)|differential gears]].
After establishing a cotton mill in [[Great Falls, New Hampshire]], he incorporated a differential gear train into a [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton roving frame]], allowing the [[bobbin|bobbins]] to progressively slow relative to the spindles, allowing for higher-quality thread. He patented the gear train in 1823, but was unable to obtain redress for rampant patent infringements, with the technology rapidly spreading across the United States and Europe over the following years. After several years administering a manufacturing plant in [[North Providence, Rhode Island|North Providence]], he moved to [[Philadelphia]] to operate a print works. He moved to [[Washington, D.C.]], around 1850 and entered work as a [[patent attorney]]. He died in Washington in 1865.
==Biography==
On October 4, 1788, Aza Arnold was born in [[Smithfield, Rhode Island]] to Benjamin Arnold and Isabel Arnold {{nee|Green}}. His mother died when he was two years old. He attended school in Smithfield, but began work at a very young age. He initially trained as a carpenter, but later apprenticed as a machinist. Around 1809, he began work producing textile manufacturing equipment at [[Samuel Slater]]'s plant in [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island|Pawtucket]].{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}
Sometime after 1813, he began work at [[Larned Pitcher]] and P. Hovey's textile machinery plant in Pawtucket.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}{{sfn|Thomson|2009|p=25}} While at Pitcher and Hovey's factory, he developed a device to separate wool into slivers during [[carding]]. However, it is unknown if he patented the device.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}} He married Abigail Dennis on July 28, 1815.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=362}} He moved with his family to [[Great Falls, New Hampshire]] in 1819, where he constructed and operated a cotton mill. Several years later, he moved to [[North Providence, Rhode Island]], where he established his own textile machinery plant.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}
===Differential gear===
In 1818, he invented a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential gear]]. Around two years later, while repairing a [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton roving frame]] he began to realize the differential's potential application for cotton [[roving]].{{sfn|Jeremy|1981|p=222}} Two years later, he incorporated the differential into a roving frame, allowing the [[bobbin|bobbins]] to progressively slow relative to the spindles as it filled. This produced high-quality thread which was more flexible and less prone to breaking.{{sfn|Jeremy|1981|pp=217-220}}{{sfn|Thomson|2009|p=32}} This gear train system was considered impressive to regional engineers, who initially described the proposal as "impracticable".{{sfn|Jeremy|1981|p=222}} He patented the device in January 1823. Despite the patent, it was almost immediately plagiarized by the [[Lowell mills]]. It spread across other cotton manufacturing plants in [[New England]], before entering use by manufacturers in the United Kingdom in 1825, and France by the end of the 1820s.{{Sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}{{Sfn|Jeremy|1981|pp=217-220}}
Even within the United States, many manufacturers refused to pay royalty fees for the differential gear train. Arnold filed various patent infringement suits, but was unable to obtain redress, even following [[Patent Act of 1836|patent reforms in 1836]].{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}
===Later career and death===
He moved to [[Philadelphia]] in 1838 and began work as an operator for the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850, he moved to [[Washington D.C.]], and entered work as a [[patent attorney]]. His last invention, a "self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines", was patented in June 1856. He died in Washington in 1865.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|pp=361-362}}
==References==
===Citations===
<references />
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Innovation in the United States, 1790–1865|first=Ross|last=Thomson|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=Baltimore|date=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom|isbn=9780801896620}}
*{{cite journal|title=Technological Diffusion: The Case of the Differential Gear|first=D. J.|last=Jeremy|journal=Industrial Archaeology Review|volume=5|issue=3|date=1981|doi=10.1179/iar.1981.5.3.217}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01ilamer|title=Dictionary of American Biography |first=Carl W.|last=Mitman|chapter=Arnold, Aza|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]], [[American Council of Learned Societies]]|year=1947|editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Allen |volume=1 |location=New York}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:Machinists]]
Okumaya devam et...
{{Short description|American inventor and machinist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aza Arnold
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1788|10|04}}
| birth_place = [[Smithfield, Rhode Island]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1865|1788}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Machinist|miller|patent attorney}}
| spouse = Abigail Dennis
}}
'''Aza Arnold''' (October 4, 1788 – 1865) was an American [[machinist]], inventor, and attorney. Born in [[Smithfield, Rhode Island]], he was trained as a machinist during his youth, and in 1809 entered work at [[Samuel Slater]]'s textile manufacturing equipment plant in [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island|Pawtucket]]. After several years of employement at another Pawtucket factory, he invented a device to separate wool during [[carding]] and began to experiment with [[differential (mechanical device)|differential gears]].
After establishing a cotton mill in [[Great Falls, New Hampshire]], he incorporated a differential gear train into a [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton roving frame]], allowing the [[bobbin|bobbins]] to progressively slow relative to the spindles, allowing for higher-quality thread. He patented the gear train in 1823, but was unable to obtain redress for rampant patent infringements, with the technology rapidly spreading across the United States and Europe over the following years. After several years administering a manufacturing plant in [[North Providence, Rhode Island|North Providence]], he moved to [[Philadelphia]] to operate a print works. He moved to [[Washington, D.C.]], around 1850 and entered work as a [[patent attorney]]. He died in Washington in 1865.
==Biography==
On October 4, 1788, Aza Arnold was born in [[Smithfield, Rhode Island]] to Benjamin Arnold and Isabel Arnold {{nee|Green}}. His mother died when he was two years old. He attended school in Smithfield, but began work at a very young age. He initially trained as a carpenter, but later apprenticed as a machinist. Around 1809, he began work producing textile manufacturing equipment at [[Samuel Slater]]'s plant in [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island|Pawtucket]].{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}
Sometime after 1813, he began work at [[Larned Pitcher]] and P. Hovey's textile machinery plant in Pawtucket.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}{{sfn|Thomson|2009|p=25}} While at Pitcher and Hovey's factory, he developed a device to separate wool into slivers during [[carding]]. However, it is unknown if he patented the device.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}} He married Abigail Dennis on July 28, 1815.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=362}} He moved with his family to [[Great Falls, New Hampshire]] in 1819, where he constructed and operated a cotton mill. Several years later, he moved to [[North Providence, Rhode Island]], where he established his own textile machinery plant.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}
===Differential gear===
In 1818, he invented a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential gear]]. Around two years later, while repairing a [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton roving frame]] he began to realize the differential's potential application for cotton [[roving]].{{sfn|Jeremy|1981|p=222}} Two years later, he incorporated the differential into a roving frame, allowing the [[bobbin|bobbins]] to progressively slow relative to the spindles as it filled. This produced high-quality thread which was more flexible and less prone to breaking.{{sfn|Jeremy|1981|pp=217-220}}{{sfn|Thomson|2009|p=32}} This gear train system was considered impressive to regional engineers, who initially described the proposal as "impracticable".{{sfn|Jeremy|1981|p=222}} He patented the device in January 1823. Despite the patent, it was almost immediately plagiarized by the [[Lowell mills]]. It spread across other cotton manufacturing plants in [[New England]], before entering use by manufacturers in the United Kingdom in 1825, and France by the end of the 1820s.{{Sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}{{Sfn|Jeremy|1981|pp=217-220}}
Even within the United States, many manufacturers refused to pay royalty fees for the differential gear train. Arnold filed various patent infringement suits, but was unable to obtain redress, even following [[Patent Act of 1836|patent reforms in 1836]].{{sfn|Mitman|1947|p=361}}
===Later career and death===
He moved to [[Philadelphia]] in 1838 and began work as an operator for the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850, he moved to [[Washington D.C.]], and entered work as a [[patent attorney]]. His last invention, a "self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines", was patented in June 1856. He died in Washington in 1865.{{sfn|Mitman|1947|pp=361-362}}
==References==
===Citations===
<references />
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Innovation in the United States, 1790–1865|first=Ross|last=Thomson|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=Baltimore|date=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom|isbn=9780801896620}}
*{{cite journal|title=Technological Diffusion: The Case of the Differential Gear|first=D. J.|last=Jeremy|journal=Industrial Archaeology Review|volume=5|issue=3|date=1981|doi=10.1179/iar.1981.5.3.217}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01ilamer|title=Dictionary of American Biography |first=Carl W.|last=Mitman|chapter=Arnold, Aza|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]], [[American Council of Learned Societies]]|year=1947|editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Allen |volume=1 |location=New York}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:Machinists]]
Okumaya devam et...