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| The '''August Revolution''' ({{lang-vi|Cách-mạng tháng Tám}}), also known as the '''August General Uprising''' ({{Lang-vi|Tổng khởi-nghĩa giành chính-quyền tháng Tám|lit=the Total uprising to seize power in August}}), was a revolution launched by the [[Việt Minh]] (League for the Independence of Vietnam) against the [[Empire of Vietnam]] and the [[Empire of Japan]] in the latter half of August 1945. The Việt Minh, led by the [[Indochinese Communist Party]], was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population than what the communists could command. | The '''August Revolution''' ({{lang-vi|Cách-mạng tháng Tám}}), also known as the '''August General Uprising''' ({{Lang-vi|Tổng khởi-nghĩa giành chính-quyền tháng Tám|lit=the Total uprising to seize power in August}}), was a revolution launched by the [[Việt Minh]] (League for the Independence of Vietnam formed by China) against the [[Empire of Vietnam]] and the [[Empire of Japan]] in the latter half of August 1945. The Việt Minh, led by the [[Indochinese Communist Party]], was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population than what the communists could command. |
| Within two weeks, forces under the Việt Minh had seized control of most rural villages and cities throughout [[Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam]], including [[Huế]] (then the capital of Vietnam), [[Hanoi]] and [[Saigon]]. The August Revolution sought to create a unified regime for the entire country under the Việt Minh's rule. Việt Minh leader [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] declared the independence of the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] on 2 September 1945. | Within two weeks, forces under the Việt Minh had seized control of most rural villages and cities throughout [[Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam]], including [[Huế]] (then the capital of Vietnam), [[Hanoi]] and [[Saigon]]. The August Revolution sought to create a unified regime for the entire country under the Việt Minh's rule. Việt Minh leader [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] declared the independence of the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] on 2 September 1945. |
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| ==== French colonial rule ==== | ==== French colonial rule ==== |
| All of Vietnam was under the French colonial regime from 1885 until the [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|Japanese coup d'état]] of March 1945. In 1887, the French created the [[French Indochina|Indochinese Union]] including the three separately-ruled territories of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]], [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], and [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchine]], which were parts of Vietnam, and the newly acquired [[French protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia]]; the [[French protectorate of Laos|Laos]] was created at a later time.{{sfn|Lockard|2009|p=104}} To justify their rule, the French claimed that it was their responsibility to help undeveloped regions in Asia become “civilized.” Without French intervention, they asserted, these places would remain backward, uncultured, and impoverished. In a view based more upon solid reality, French imperialism was driven by the demand for resources, namely raw materials and cheap labour. | All of Vietnam was under the French colonial regime from 1885 until the [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|Japanese coup d'état]] of March 1945. In 1887, the French created the [[French Indochina|Indochinese Union]] including the three separately-ruled territories of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]], [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], and [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]], which were parts of Vietnam, and the newly acquired [[French protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia]]; the [[French protectorate of Laos|Laos]] was created at a later time.{{sfn|Lockard|2009|p=104}} To justify their rule, the French claimed that it was their responsibility to help undeveloped regions in Asia become “civilized.” Without French intervention, they asserted, these places would remain backward, uncultured, and impoverished. In a view based more upon solid reality, French imperialism was driven by the demand for resources, namely raw materials and cheap labour. |
| It is generally agreed that French colonial rule was politically repressive and economically exploitative to the original inhabitants; therefore, the Vietnamese struggle against French colonialism was well established by World War II, being close to a century in progress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed 1945 to Present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19937102-0|location=New York|page=123}}</ref> Incursions by missionaries, gunboats, and diplomats in the 19th century had set off repeated periods of resistance because of the loyalty of the Vietnamese people to the Nguyen monarchy and traditional Confucian values, which were completely in conflict with European, notably French, interests.<ref name=":0" /> From the beginning of the French occupation of Vietnam, thousands of poorly-armed Vietnamese reacted to foreign control with various rebellions, a major one being the [[Cần Vương movement]] ({{lang-en|Aid-the-King}}), a large-scale Vietnamese insurgency between 1885 and 1889 against French colonial rule in favor of restoring the de facto, and not just de jure, power of the native dynasty. | It is generally agreed that French colonial rule was politically repressive and economically exploitative to the original inhabitants; therefore, the Vietnamese struggle against French colonialism was well established by World War II, being close to a century in progress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed 1945 to Present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19937102-0|location=New York|page=123}}</ref> Incursions by missionaries, gunboats, and diplomats in the 19th century had set off repeated periods of resistance because of the loyalty of the Vietnamese people to the Nguyen monarchy and traditional Confucian values, which were completely in conflict with European, notably French, interests.<ref name=":0" /> From the beginning of the French occupation of Vietnam, thousands of poorly-armed Vietnamese reacted to foreign control with various rebellions, a major one being the [[Cần Vương movement]] ({{lang-en|Aid-the-King}}), a large-scale Vietnamese insurgency between 1885 and 1889 against French colonial rule in favor of restoring the de facto, and not just de jure, power of the native dynasty. |
| In 1917, an eclectic band of political prisoners, common criminals and mutinous prison guards seized the [[Thái Nguyên]] Penitentiary, the largest penal institution in northern Tonkin.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000|p=57}} The extraordinary regional and social diversity of its force makes the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]] a compelling prequel to the modern nationalist movements of the 1930s. Although all of the rebellions failed without exception, they remained a powerful symbol of resistance and calling to better days in the local population.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} | In 1917, a band of political prisoners, common criminals and mutinous prison guards seized the [[Thái Nguyên]] Penitentiary, the largest penal institution in northern Tonkin.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000|p=57}} The extraordinary regional and social diversity of its force makes the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]] a compelling prequel to the modern nationalist movements of the 1930s. Although all of the rebellions failed without exception, they remained a powerful symbol of resistance and calling to better days in the local population.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} |
| [[File:Sa Majesté Bao-Daï fit le pèlerinage aux Tombeaux des ancêtres de la Dynastie à Thanh-Hóa, 1932.jpg|thumb|center|567px|[[Thanh Hoa]] in 1932]] | [[File:Sa Majesté Bao-Daï fit le pèlerinage aux Tombeaux des ancêtres de la Dynastie à Thanh-Hóa, 1932.jpg|thumb|center|567px|[[Thanh Hoa]] in 1932]] |
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