Tolerance: Paragraph edited #MiniEdit
Okumaya devam et...
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| Many animals native to Australia seem to have developed additional tolerance to fluoroacetate beyond what general trends predict. Herbivore, seed-eating birds are exposed to very high amounts of natural fluoroacetate with no ill effect. Emus living in areas where fluoroacetate-producing plants grow can tolerate 150 times the concentration compared to emus living outside. Some native insects tolerate fluoroacetate and repurpose it as a defense chemical against carnivores.<ref name=Leong/> | Many animals native to Australia seem to have developed additional tolerance to fluoroacetate beyond what general trends predict. Herbivore, seed-eating birds are exposed to very high amounts of natural fluoroacetate with no ill effect. Emus living in areas where fluoroacetate-producing plants grow can tolerate 150 times the concentration compared to emus living outside. Some native insects tolerate fluoroacetate and repurpose it as a defense chemical against carnivores.<ref name=Leong/> |
| Fluoacetate tolerance can be acquired in animals, though it is not fully clear how.<ref name=Leong/> In one study, sheep gut bacteria were [[genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] to contain the fluoroacetate dehalogenase enzyme that inactivates sodium fluoroacetate. The bacteria were administered to sheep, who then showed reduced signs of toxicity after sodium fluoroacetate ingestion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gregg|first1=Keith|last2=Hamdorf|first2=Brenton|last3=Henderson|first3=Kerrin|last4=Kopecny|first4=Jan|last5=Wong|first5=Cheryl|title=Genetically Modified Ruminal Bacteria Protect Sheep from Fluoroacetate Poisoning|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=September 1998|volume=64|issue=9|pages=3496–3498|issn=1098-5336 |pmid=9726903|pmc=106753|doi=10.1128/AEM.64.9.3496-3498.1998|bibcode=1998ApEnM..64.3496G}}</ref> A strain of natural bacteriun that does the same was isolated from cattle [[rumen]] in 2012.<ref name=Leong>{{cite journal |last1=Leong |first1=Lex Ee Xiang |last2=Khan |first2=Shahjalal |last3=Davis |first3=Carl K. |last4=Denman |first4=Stuart E. |last5=McSweeney |first5=Chris S. |title=Fluoroacetate in plants - a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification |journal=Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology |date=December 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=55 |doi=10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=28674607 |pmc=5485738 }}</ref> | Fluoacetate tolerance can be acquired in animals, though it is not fully clear how.<ref name=Leong/> In one study, sheep gut bacteria were [[genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] to contain the fluoroacetate dehalogenase enzyme that inactivates sodium fluoroacetate. The bacteria were administered to sheep, who then showed reduced signs of toxicity after sodium fluoroacetate ingestion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gregg|first1=Keith|last2=Hamdorf|first2=Brenton|last3=Henderson|first3=Kerrin|last4=Kopecny|first4=Jan|last5=Wong|first5=Cheryl|title=Genetically Modified Ruminal Bacteria Protect Sheep from Fluoroacetate Poisoning|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=September 1998|volume=64|issue=9|pages=3496–3498|issn=1098-5336 |pmid=9726903|pmc=106753|doi=10.1128/AEM.64.9.3496-3498.1998|bibcode=1998ApEnM..64.3496G}}</ref> A strain of natural bacterium that does the same was isolated from cattle [[rumen]] in 2012.<ref name=Leong>{{cite journal |last1=Leong |first1=Lex Ee Xiang |last2=Khan |first2=Shahjalal |last3=Davis |first3=Carl K. |last4=Denman |first4=Stuart E. |last5=McSweeney |first5=Chris S. |title=Fluoroacetate in plants - a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification |journal=Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology |date=December 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=55 |doi=10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=28674607 |pmc=5485738 }}</ref> |
| == Pesticide use == | == Pesticide use == |
Okumaya devam et...